COVID-19 Lecture Review

These flashcards summarize key concepts, statistics, and treatment protocols concerning COVID-19 based on the lecture notes provided.

What virus causes COVID-19?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

What are the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2?

Spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), envelope glycoprotein (E), and nucleocapsid protein (N).

What role does the spike protein (S) play in SARS-CoV-2?

It is important for host attachment and penetration.

Which age group had the highest hospitalization risk during COVID-19?

Individuals aged 60 years and older.

What is a significant predictor of severe illness in COVID-19 patients?

Age is the strongest predictor of poor outcomes.

What percentage more of COVID-19 patients with preexisting conditions required hospitalization?

45.4% of patients with conditions required hospitalization compared to 7.6% without.

Which ethnic groups are noted to be at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and death?

Black, Hispanic, and Asian ethnic minority groups.

What variant was first identified in the UK in 2020?

Alpha variant.

How much more transmissible is the Omicron variant compared to Delta?

Omicron is 3.2 times more transmissible than Delta.

What is the incubation period for COVID-19?

Between 2 and 14 days, with a median of 5 days.

What are some common symptoms of COVID-19 according to the CDC?

Fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste or smell.

What is the role of ACE2 receptors in SARS-CoV-2 infection?

SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 receptors as a cellular entry point.

What type of immune response does COVID-19 trigger?

A local immune response that recruits macrophages and monocytes.

What is a cytokine storm?

A hyperinflammatory response characterized by the excessive release of cytokines.

What diagnostic tests are commonly used for COVID-19?

RT-qPCR, ELISA, and antigen tests.

What does REMAP-CAP study suggest about Tocilizumab and mortality rates?

It reduces mortality if given within 24 hours of starting respiratory support.

What is the primary mechanism of cardiovascular injury in COVID-19?

Direct cardiotoxicity and virally driven hyperinflammation.

What medication is FDA-approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients?

Remdesivir (Veklury).

Which corticosteroid has been shown to benefit COVID-19 patients requiring ventilation?

Dexamethasone.

What common side effect is associated with Paxlovid?

Dysgeusia (altered taste sensation).

What is the recommendation for anticoagulation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients?

All COVID-19 positive patients should receive anticoagulant prophylaxis unless contraindicated.

What infections can Tocilizumab lead to when used for COVID-19 treatment?

Infections, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.

What is the storage requirement for unpunctured vials of the Pfizer vaccine?

Store between -90°C and -60°C in an ultra-cold freezer.

What age group is eligible for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine?

Ages 6 months through 64 years with underlying conditions.

How does the Omicron variant differ from previous variants?

It has a higher transmissibility and can escape the immune response from vaccination.

What role do bats play in the transmission of coronaviruses?

Bats are the reservoir hosts for both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

What is the role of IL-6 inhibitors in COVID-19 therapy?

They help manage systemic inflammation in hospitalized patients.

What is the main concern associated with the use of Molnupiravir?

It may cause birth defects; not recommended for pregnant patients.