OCR A LEVEL PHYSICS DEFINITIONS TOPIC 1 & 2

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28 Terms

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Absolute Uncertainties

The interval that a value is said to lie within, with a given level of confidence.

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Accuracy

A measure of how close a measurement is to the true value.

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Analogue Apparatus

Measuring apparatus such as rulers, beakers and thermometers that rely on the experimenter reading off a scale to determine the measurement.

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Anomalies

Data points that don’t fit the pattern of the data. You should determine why an anomalous result has occurred before removing it. Repeat readings help remove anomalies.

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Control Variables

Variables that must remain the same throughout an experiment so as to not affect the results.

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Dependent Variables

The variable being measured in an experiment. It is dependent on the independent variable. The dependent variable should be plotted on the y-axis of a graph.

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Digital Apparatus

Measuring apparatus such as ammeters, voltmeters and digital calipers that digitally measure and display a measurement.

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Fiducial Marker

A thin marker, such as a splint, that is used to ensure readings are taken from the same place each time. They are used to improve the accuracy of measurements.

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Gradient

The change in the y-axis value over the change in the x-axis value between two points. If the graph is curved, a tangent can be drawn to calculate the gradient at a specific point.

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Independent Variables

The variable that is changed by the experimenter in an experiment. The independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis of a graph.

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Line of Best Fit

A line drawn on a graph to demonstrate the pattern in the plotted data points.

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Percentage Uncertainties

The uncertainty of a measurement, expressed as a percentage of the recorded value.

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Precision

A measure of how close a measurement is to the mean value. It only gives an indication of the magnitude of random errors, not how close data is to the true value.

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Prefixes

Added to the front of units to represent a power of ten change.

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Random Errors

Unpredictable variation between measurements that leads to a spread of values about the true value. Random error can be reduced by taking repeat measurements.

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Repeatable

The same experimenter can repeat a measurement using the same method and equipment and obtain the same value.

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Reproducible

An experiment can be repeated by a different experimenter using a different method and different apparatus, and still obtain the same results.

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Resolution

The smallest change in a quantity that causes a visible change in the reading that a measuring instrument records.

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Resolution of Forces

The splitting of a force into its horizontal and vertical components.

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Scalar Quantities

A quantity that only has a magnitude, without an associated direction. Examples include speed, distance and temperature.

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SI Units

The standard units used in equations. They are: metres, kilograms, seconds, amps, Kelvin and moles.

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Significant Figures

A measure of a measurement’s resolution. All numbers except zero are counted as a significant figure. When zeros are found immediately after a decimal place, they too are counted.

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Systematic Errors

Causes all readings to differ from the true value by a fixed amount. Systematic error cannot be corrected by repeat readings, instead a different technique or apparatus should be used.

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Triangle of Forces

A method of finding the resultant force of two forces. The two forces are joined tip to tail and the result is then the vector that completes the triangle.

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Vector Quantities

A quantity that has both a magnitude and an associated direction. Examples include velocity, displacement and acceleration.

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Vernier Scales

The type of scale used on calipers and micrometers, that involve reading from a fixed scale and a moving scale to produce accurate measurements.

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Zero Errors

A form of systematic error, caused when a measuring instrument doesn’t read zero at a value of zero. This results in all measurements being offset by a fixed amount.

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