2.6 Communication

Formal communication

a type of communication that follows defined channels of communication. Formal communication flows through an organisation’s developed hierarchical chain of command.

Types of formal communication

Spoken
Written
Electronic

Types of formal communication pathways

vertical
horizontal
diagonal

Informal communication

communication that flows freely in an organisation, without defined channels. It can take place between any employees within the organisation and is usually faster than formal communication.

Type of informal communication pathways

single strand chain
cluster chain
probability chain
gossip chain

Barrier to communication

Anything that interferes with the transfer of information in an organisation.

Types of communication barriers

Cultural
Linguistic
Emotional
Psychological and physiological
Physical
Organisational
Attitude/Personality
Perception
Technological
Form of communication

direct strategies to overcome communication barriers

Using clear language
active listening
managing emotional states
increasing contact

Indirect strategies to improve communication

Recruiting for communication skills
Induction and other training
Simplifying organisational structure
Changing appraisal methods