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Formal communication
a type of communication that follows defined channels of communication. Formal communication flows through an organisation’s developed hierarchical chain of command.
Types of formal communication
Spoken
Written
Electronic
Types of formal communication pathways
vertical
horizontal
diagonal
Informal communication
communication that flows freely in an organisation, without defined channels. It can take place between any employees within the organisation and is usually faster than formal communication.
Type of informal communication pathways
single strand chain
cluster chain
probability chain
gossip chain
Barrier to communication
Anything that interferes with the transfer of information in an organisation.
Types of communication barriers
Cultural
Linguistic
Emotional
Psychological and physiological
Physical
Organisational
Attitude/Personality
Perception
Technological
Form of communication
direct strategies to overcome communication barriers
Using clear language
active listening
managing emotional states
increasing contact
Indirect strategies to improve communication
Recruiting for communication skills
Induction and other training
Simplifying organisational structure
Changing appraisal methods