Peter I. The Great

When was Peter born?

May 30th, 1672

Who were Peter’s parents?

Alexey I Romanov, Natalya Naryshkina

Before Peter, who were the remaining heirs of Alexey?

Fedor III, Ivan V, Sophia and Peter

In 1682 Peter and his half brother were…

crowned as joint tsars since they were young

Due to the fact Peter and his half brother Ivan V were young when they were crowned, what was Sophia’s role?

Sophia served as a Regent, someone they could look to who was older

Peter and his mother were exiled and where did they go?

lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye outside of Moscow

In Preobrazhenskoye, what did peter build?

his own ‘mock army’, his father gave him military toys and he played several war gams

Peter spent most of his teenage years in Preobrazhenskoye, learning ? How many trades did Peter have?

military skills, labor, navigation and more, 14 trades total

After his time in Preobrazhenskoye, he spent most of his youth where?

German Suburb

In the German Suburb Peter fell in love with? … and befriended…

fell in love with everything Westernized, and became friends with lots of foreigners

Who were some of young Peter’s friends and associates?

Alexandar Menshikov (Russian), Francis Lefort (Swiss), Patrick Gordon (Scottish)

Who was the closest friend of Peter?

Alexandar Menshikov

As Peter grew older and more experienced what happened?

He eventually overtook his half sister’s reign, and even though she refused to give it up Peter eventually married which was a sign of maturity somewhat forcing Sophia to give up her throne

What was a sign of maturity during this time?

marriage

Who was Peter’s first wife?

Evdokia (Eudoxia) Lopukhina

Who was the child Evdokia (Eudoxia) Lopukhina and Peter I had?

Aleksey

What happened to Evdokia (Eudoxia) Lopukhina and Peter’s son?

he was accused of conspiring against his father and died under torture

What did Evdokia (Eudoxia) Lopukhina represent? Were her and Peter a good match?

she represented old Muscovy, her and Peter were not a good match she was too traditional and somewhat boring

After the death of Ivan V what happened?

Peter became the sole ruler of Russia and began his reform

In 1697-98 where did Peter go?

He traveled to Western Europe on a Grand Embassy to learn from European universities and schools

Where in Western Europe did Peter travel?

Holland, Germany, England, Austria

What was the purpose of Peter’s Grand Embassy?

to learn everything Western

In 1698 why did Peter have to come back to Russia?

There was a musketeer revolt so he had to come back and fight them before a coup happened

When Peter returned there were dramatic changes that happened to society, what were they?

he changed the nobles appearance and clothing styles

What did Peter change about the nobles’ clothing styles and appearance?

Made them cut off their beards, introduction of cocked hats, buckled shoes, shortening mens kaftans, and having women wear more revealing dresses

Upon Peter’s return he also introduced mandatory…

Assemblees or gatherings, that required noble men and women to appear at them

How did Peter end women’s terem seclusion?

by the introduction of Assemblees that required both men and women to appear

Peter updated pother areas of Russian life besides social and appearance wise, what were they?

Russian alphabet, Julian calendar, newspapers and hospitals

What were the 3 categories of Peter’s economic and social reforms?

industrialization, social/governmental restructuring, education

How did Peter industrialize Russia?

plants and factories

How did Peter restructure social life and government life?

senate and collegia, holy synod, table of the ranks

What is the Holy Synod?

government body established for the churches in place of the Patriarchs

How did Peter reform education?

created Academy of Sciences, School of Navigation, Mathematics, Engineering and Medicine, and sent talented people to famous West European universities on scholarly grants

What did Peter build from scratch?

Russian Navy

What other name was Peter known as?

Father of the Russian Navy

How did Peter modernize the Russian army?

reorganized military structure and introduced the navy which helped them win a victory at the port of the Azov sea

What was the Great Northern War?

A conflict between Russia and Sweden from 1700 to 1721, where Peter I sought to gain access to the Baltic Sea and expand Russian territory

When did the great northern war officially end?

1721

Why did Peter join the Northern war?

to get access to the Baltic sea

Who was Peter’s main nemesis in the Great Northern War?

King Charles XII

Describe the battles between Peter and King Charles XII

in 1704 Peter first lost the battle but in 1709 in the town of Poltava Peter beat Charles XII and even wounded him

Who was Peter’s second wife?

Martha Skavronskaya

After Martha converted to Orthodoxy what did her name become?

her new name was Catherine

How many children did Peter and Catherine have?

12, only 2 survived to adulthood (Anna and Elizabeth)

What year were Catherine and Peter officially married?

1712

On the occasion of Peter and Catherine’s wedding what was instituted?

Order of Saint Catherine

When did Peter die?

1725

Who became ruler after Peter died?

his wife, Catherine I became Empress of Russia until she died

What was the Sankt Piterburkh?

it was an area on “Hare’s Island” meant to start a new era and society, as well as a “window to Europe”

How long was the construction of Sankt Piterburkh?

7 years, supervised by German and Dutch engineers

What was Sankt Piterburkh built on?

built on marshes and swamps in a harsh climate, it was said to be build on bones due to all the people who died building it

What became the capital of Russia in 1712?

St. Petersburg (Sankt Piterburkh)

What was St. Petersburg also known as?

Venice of the North

What was the architectural style of St. Petersburg?

Petrine Baroque

Who are the major architects of St. Petersburg?

Jean-Baptiste Alexandre le Blonde and Domenico Trezzini

What were the famous structures of St. Petersburg?

Peter and Paul Fortress and Cathedral, Summer Garden, Summer Palace, Peterhof Suburban Estate

Who designed the Peter and Paul Fortress?

Domenico Trezzini

What did the Peter and Paul fortress serve as>

a blockade so enemies could not enter the city

What was the first residence of Peter and Catherine?

a log cabin

Who designed the summer garden?

Jean-Baptiste A Le Blond and Mikhail Zemstsov

The Summer Garden was a combination of?

a French and English Garden

Who designed the winter Palace?

Domenico Trezini

What was the Winter palace the site of?

the site of wedding celebration of Peter and Catherine

How did Peter die?

he fell ill after saving a sinking ship on a stormy night, he contracted gangrene and died in 1725

What were the positives of Peter’s legacy?

modernization of military and industries, new technology, change within orthodox church, diminished influence of church hierarchs, radical and social changes in social structure, westernization of Russian culture and lifestyle

What were the negatives of Peter’s rule?

cultural divide between secularized/westernized upper class and traditional/orthodox lower classes leading to political tensions, considered ‘antichrist’ by orthodox russians,