APBIO 1.2

Carbon basics

• all life on earth is —— based

• —- is able to form 4 covelent bonds

the four main organic molecules:

• carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and pxygen

• Proteins: built from amino acids, contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and often sulfer.

• Lipids: consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, has phosopholipi’s which contain phosphorus.

• Nucleic acids: made of nucleotides, contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Carbohydrates

• essential maronutrients that provide energy to the body. 

• monosaccarides: simple sugers like glucose, fructose, and glactose.

• disaccrides: pairs of monosaccarides, sucrose and lactose

• polysaccarides- long chains of monosaccarides, starch and cellulose. 

Proteins 

• essential macromolecules in every cell

• plethora of diffrent functions

• made of long amino acid chains

• our body cannot store, so we have to conume everyday

• structural support- build and repair tissues

• movement- motor — vital for muscle contraction 

• communication messengar —, such as hormones carry signals bt diff parts of the body. 

Lipids

• nonpolar

• fats (triglycerides): three fatty acid chains, saturated fats- single bonds (solids) unsaturated fatts- double bonds (liquid)

• phosoplipids: two fatty acid tails (non-polar), phosphate containing polar head

• Steroids: non-polar distinct ring shapes

Nucleic acids 

• essential for transmitting, storing, and expressing genetic functions

• DNA and RNA

• DNA: double helix, dexoyribose, stores genetic info, Adninen thymine, guanine, cystonine

• RNA: 1 helix, ribose, plays various roles in translating info to proteinsadnine, uracil, guanine, cystonine

• A=T, C=G

nucleotide 3 elements

5 carbon sugar: dna=dexoyribose, rna=ribose

nitrigenous base: contains nitrogen and carris the genetic code

phosphate group:a phosphours atom binded ti four oxygen atoms