Ch-08-appendicular-skeleton-handout

Pectoral girdle

Structure that attaches the upper limbs to the trunk.

Upper limbs

Composed of 30 bones in each arm.

Pelvic girdle

Structure that attaches the lower limbs to the trunk.

Lower limbs

Composed of 30 bones in each leg.

Clavicle

S-shaped long bone that connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton.

Scapula

Broad, flat, triangular-shaped bone that forms the shoulder blade.

Sternoclavicular joint

Joint where the clavicle meets the sternum.

Acromion

The highest point of the shoulder, where the clavicle connects to the scapula.

Humerus

The long bone in the upper arm.

Radius

Bone in the forearm on the thumb side.

Ulna

Bone in the forearm on the pinky side.

Carpals

Eight wrist bones.

Metacarpals

Five bones of the hand.

Phalanges

Fourteen bones of the fingers.

Intertubercular sulcus

Groove that runs between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

Deltoid muscle

Muscle that covers the shoulder and is involved in arm movement.

Olecranon fossa

Depression in the humerus for the elbow.

Radial fossa

Shallow depression on the humerus that accommodates the radius.

Coronoid fossa

Depression on the humerus for the ulna.

Pelvic girdle

Composed of two coxal bones that are made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

False pelvis

Area surrounded by the iliac bones and part of the pelvic cavity.

True pelvis

The lower portion of the pelvis that houses the pelvic cavity.

Acetabulum

Socket of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

Inlet

The opening of the true pelvis.

Outlet

The bottom margin of the true pelvis.

Femur

Thigh bone; the longest bone in the human body.

Patella

Kneecap; a large sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint.

Tibia

The shinbone, a larger bone in the lower leg.

Fibula

The smaller bone in the lower leg, parallel to the tibia.

Tarsals

Seven bones that make up the ankle.

Metatarsals

Five long bones in the foot.

Hallux

The medialmost toe; the big toe.

Gluteal tuberosity

Roughened area on the femur where gluteal muscles attach.

Ilium

The largest bone of the pelvis.

Ischium

The lower part of the pelvic bone.

Pubis

The front part of the pelvic bone.

Greater sciatic notch

Notch in the ilium through which the sciatic nerve passes.

Lesser sciatic notch

Smaller notch in the ischium.

Ischial tuberosity

The part of the ischium that bears weight when sitting.

Superior pubic ramus

Upper portion of the pubic bone that helps form the acetabulum.

Inferior pubic ramus

Lower portion of the pubic bone.

Pubic symphysis

Joint where the two pubic bones meet.

Pelvic angle

Angle formed by the pubic bones.

Bony pelvis

Collective term for the pelvic girdle and the sacrum.

Obturator foramen

Large opening in the pelvis for nerves and blood vessels.

Talus

Ankle bone that sits above the calcaneus.

Calcaneus

The heel bone.

Navicular

Bone in the foot located between the talus and cuneiform bones.

Cuneiform bones

Three bones in the foot between the navicular and the metatarsals.

Cuboid bone

Bone in the foot that articulates with the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

Phalanges (foot)

Fourteen bones of the toes.

Interosseous membrane

Fibrous connective tissue that connects the radius and ulna.

Costal groove

Groove on the interior surface of the clavicle for the costoclavicular ligament.

Conoid ligament

Ligament that connects the clavicle to the scapula.

Subclavius muscle

Muscle located beneath the clavicle.

Inferior glenohumeral ligament

Largest and strongest. Supports shoulder when arm is raised.

Superior glenohumeral ligament

Helps prevent the humeral head from shifting downward (dislocating)

Middle glenohumeral ligament

Limits excessive external rotation of the arm when it’s in a neutral position.

Head of humerus

Articular surface at the proximal end of the humerus.

Anatomical neck

Narrow area just below the head of the humerus.

Greater tubercle of humerus

Larger prominence for muscle attachment.

Less tubercle of humerus

Smaller prominence for muscle attachment.

Surgical neck of humerus

Common fracture site of the humerus.

Capitulum of humerus

Smaller rounded part of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Trochlea of humerus

Grooved surface of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Epicondyles of humerus

Bony projections above the condyles for muscle attachment.

Fossae of humerus

Depressions that accommodate the forearm bones.

Ulnar styloid process

Projection at the distal end of the ulna.

Radial styloid process

Projection at the distal end of the radius.

Intercondylar fossa of femur

Notch between the two condyles of the femur.

Popliteal surface of femur

Smooth area posterior to the femoral condyles.

Patellar surface of femur

Articulates with the patella.

Lateral and medial condyles of tibia

Articulating surfaces for the femur.

Fibular head

Proximal end of the fibula.

Lateral malleolus

Projection of the fibula at the ankle.

Medial malleolus

Projection of the tibia at the ankle.

Hallux

Big toe; medialmost toe of the foot.