WRLD CIV: Rome

who are Romulus and Remus?

the two brothers who founded Rome

what is the fable of Romulus and Remus

they are the twin sons of Mars and were abandoned and left to die but were nursed by a she-wolf at the location that is now Rome

What are the Apennines?

the mountains that divide the country in half and run down the middle of Italy

What is the Tiber River

the river that Rome is situated around

How effective was the Roman army?

it was very well-trained and disciplined, and courageousness was encouraged over everything else. the soldiers were to march over 20 miles a day wearing full armor

Who were the Etruscans and why are they important to the history of Rome?

they were the people of the earliest civilization in Italy, were polytheistic, likely created the basis of gladiatorial games in Rome, and provided the structure that Rome needed to become what it did such as city-states, armies, militaries, and political leadership

What was the Roman language?

Latin which was derived from the Greek and Phoenician alphabet

What were the three periods of Roman history?

The Roman Kingdom, The Roman Republic, and The Roman Empire

What changes brought about the beginning of the Roman Kingdom(first period of Rome)?

they began winning wars and expanding their territory

What changes brought about the beginning of the Roman Republic (second period of Rome)?

the last Roman king Lucius Tarquinius (Tarquin the Proud) was overthrown and the republic was created

What changes brought about the beginning of the Roman Empire (third period of Rome)?

the Roman republic weakened and weakened, Augustus/Octavian died and the Roman republic fell

How did the Greeks influence the Romans?

religion, architecture, artistic styling, alphabet, and literature

During which period of Rome were kings ruling?

Roman Kingdom

During which period of Rome were emperors ruling?

Roman Empire

During which Roman period was the government led by consuls?

Roman Republic

What responsibilities did the Senate have during the Roman Kingdom?

elected kings, gave advice to kings, and approved legislative actions and creation of laws

What responsibilities did the Senate have during the Roman Republic?

nominated consuls, made of 300 men who served for life, patricians only, could not pass laws but issued opinions, were very important part of early government in Rome

What responsibilities did the Senate have during the Roman Empire?

How did government look/work during the Republic?

had a constitution, ruled by the magistrates, had multiple different branches with different powers,

What is a monarchy?

a form of government in which one person is the head of state, and one person holds all the power

What is a republic?

a form of government in which the affairs of state are considered a public affair and are not just the concern of the monarch/king/emperor

What are each of the branches of government during the Republic?

magistrates, consuls, praetors, senate, Quaestors, aediles, Tribunes, Censors

What did the “executive” branch of the Republic do?

they were individuals of very high power roles; they controlled the government in differing aspects, and were the most important people in Roman government at the time

What did the “judicial” branch of the republic do?

similar things to judges, issued plans and goals for each year

What did the “legislative” branch of the Republic do?

dealt with law making and all civilian orders such as finances, census, food supply etc.

What are Quaestors?

financial officers who received taxes and fines, granted state contracts for water works, and dealt with tribunes from conquered places

What are Aediles?

responsible for the food supply and public works/entertainment

What are Tribunes?

plebian representatives

What are Censors?

individuals who were chosen every five years, and fixed the census status of citizens which divided the Roman citizens into different centuries based on wealth

What is an empire?

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor

What was Circus Maximus?

a large stadium built for chariot racing that could seat about 150,000, was built by one of the early kings

Who were the patricians?

the upper class citizens/rich people of Rome, usually families involved in politics

Who were the plebs?

everyone who wasn’t rich; citizens who were landowners, artisans, merchants, and farmers, and were not allowed to marry patricians

what was the conflict of orders?

a political struggle between plebians and patricians in which the plebians sought political equality with the patricians

How did the plebs struggle?

they were not allowed to marry patricians, and wanted to be protected under law and be able to access political positions

How many Punic Wars were there?

three

Which empires fought during the Punic Wars?

Rome and Carthage

Why did the first Punic War begin and what were the results?

it began as a fight over Sicily; Rome won and gained control over Sicily

Why did the second Punic War begin and what were the results?

Carthage wanted revenge on Rome, Hannibal took over Saguntum (a city under Roman control) and killed the supports of Carthage; it ended with the Battle of Zama where Rome defeated Carthage and Carthage surrendered

Why did the third Punic War begin and what were the results?

Rome was no longer receiving war payments from Carthage, Carthage was surrounded by fertile land that Rome wanted because it was the only good land left and Rome’s population was growing, and Rome wanted to completely destroy Carthage; it ended with Carthage being burned and destroyed by Rome and all the citizens either killed or sold into slavery

Who was Hamilcar Barca and why was he important?

an undefeated general in charge of Carthage’s land forces in Sicily during the later stages of the First Punic War; he was important because he kept his army intact and led them against the Romans in Sicily

Who was Hannibal Barca and why was he important?

Hamilcar Barca’s son who led Carthage during the second Punic war; he is considered one of the greatest military minds in history who fought with elephants and fought alongside his forces

Who won the Saguntum Battle? How did they win? Why was it important?

Carthage won when Hannibal invaded the city of Saguntum and took it over; it was important because it began the second Punic war

Who won the Battle of the Rhone Crossing? How did they win? Why was it important?

Carthage won when Hannibal carried all his troops, supplies, and elephants across the Rhone River and marched them through the Alps and took over Roman cities

Who won the Battle of the Trebia? How did they win? Why was it important?

Carthage won because the Roman soldiers froze to death after crossing the Trebia river or were ambushed by Carthaginian forces; it was important because it was a major victory for both Carthage and Hannibal

Who won the Battle of Lake Trasimene? How did they win? Why was it important?

Carthage won when Hannibal hid his forces in hilltops and ambushed the Roman soldiers causing them to be trapped between Hannibal’s army and Lake Trasimene ;it is important because it is considered the largest ambush in military history

Who won the Battle of Cannae? How did they win? Why was it important?

Carthage won because of Hannibal’s use of pincer movement and guerrilla warfare; it is important because Hannibal didn’t have the strength to take over the Roman city, so he kept his soldiers in parts of Italy for 15 years

Who won the Battle of Zama? How did they win? Why was it important?

Rome won the Battle of Zama because of their new war leader Scipio who forced Hannibal to flee the battlefield; it was important because this fight ended the Second Punic war and was the defeat of a long streak of wins from Hannibal and Carthage

Who was Cato the Elder and what did he have to say?

a politician who ended every speech to the senate with “Carthage must be destroyed”

Who were the Gracchus brothers and what did they try to do? What happened to each of them?

Tiberius and Gaius sought to introduce land reform and other populist legislation in ancient Rome; Tiberius was beaten to death along with his followers and Gaius committed suicide to avoid the same fate as his brother

Who was Gaius Marius and what was his revolutionary idea?

a general who recruited landless poor people by offering small tracts of land in exchange for military service; his idea created loyalty to the general and not to Rome or the Roman Senate

Who was involved in the first civil war of the Republic and who won?

Sulla vs. Marius; Sulla won the Battle and had himself declared dictator

Who was involved in the second civil war of the Republic and who won?

Caesar vs. Pompey; Caesar wins and finds Pompey dead by assassination wen he arrives in Egypt before he could kill him himself

Who was involved in the third civil war of the republic ; who won?

Octavian (Caesar’s adopted heir) and Atony (heir to Caesar’s army); Octavian won and war was declared on Cleopatra instead of Antony, and Octavian has Caesarion killed so he can inherit the throne

Who made up the first Triumvirate?

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

What is a triumvirate?

a political system wherein three individuals hold all power

what did Julius Caesar do to alienate the Senate?

he disobeyed their orders, took land from the large landowners and redistributed it to the poor, and increased the size of the Senate from 300 to 900

How did Julius Caesar die?

he was stabbed 23 times by a group of Senators and died

What happened to Julius Caesar?

he was assassinated

What was Cleopatra’s role in civil war 3?

she was allied with Antony and war was declared on her and not Antony; her and Antony flee to Egypt and commit suicide

Who was Caesarion?

Cleopatra and Caesar’s child

Who made up the second Triumvirate?

Octavian/Octavius, Marc Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

Who was Octavian?

the heir and grandnephew of Caesar

What happened to Marc Antony and Cleopatra?

they committed suicide; Antony stabs himself thinking Cleopatra is already dead and Cleopatra killed herself by snakebite after hearing Antony died

Who was Augustus Caesar?

the first emperor of Rome and began the Roman Empire; he ruled for over 40 years

Who was the first Roman emperor?

Octavian/Augustus Caesar

who were the Julio-Claudian emperors and what did they do?

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero; they were the bad 12 emperors of Rome that came after Augustus

What was the Pax Romana?

the time period of “Roman Peace” that lasted around 200 years; full of peace and economic prosperity throughout the Empire

Who were the five good emperors?

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

what was Hadrian’s Wall and why was it built?

a wall built by Rome with the goal of fortifying their borders instead of expanding

who was Virgil?

a writer who wrote the Aeneid, and other stories about honor, duty, perseverance, and faithfulness; compared to Homer

who was Catullus?

a Roman poet who wrote about love, politics, death, and about his Mistress; wrote Catullus No. 5 about his love

How was Roman law and what was its impact on our legal system?

Roman citizens were treated fairly and better than non-Roman citizens; they believed in the same things we do today, such as a suspect was innocent until proven guilty, a suspect has the right to defend themselves in front of a judge, a judge was to look at the evidence and make a decision

What was the third Servile War? Who led it? What happened?

the most famous slave revolt; it was led by Spartacus; slaves revolted and started an army where they defeated several smaller forces before Spartacus was trapped and killed; Romans began treating slaves better after this revolt

How was Roman mythology similar to Greek mythology?

they shared all the same gods/goddesses and stories, just with different names

Name common Roman gods and goddesses.

Jupiter, Juno. Neptune, Mars, Venus, Minerva

What impact did Christianity have on the Roman Empire?

the spread of Christianity has been cited as one reason for the fall of the Roman Empire

Who was Jesus?

was born in the Holy Land and was a Palestinian Jew who preached Christianity and was the reason the religion was born and spread

Who was Pontius Pilate?

a Roman governor who crucified Jesus

Who was Paul?

a preacher of Christianity who wrote epistles that formed the New Testament and established Christian communities in Europe

What are gladiatorial shows?

fights/shows that took place in the Colosseum where two men would fight until one defeated the other; sometimes criminals would be sent in to fight wild animals or each other with no weapons until the death

What is the Appian Way?

one of Rome’s oldest and most famous roads that was built to transport troops and was also used for trade and general travel; it is lined with tombs of wealthy patrician families

who were Diocletian and Constantine and what did they do?

good Roman emperors who enacted reforms such as strengthening the central government by creating more jobs for officials, strengthening the army by adding soldiers and dividing them into smaller units, created the tetrarchy rule, split Rome into eastern and western sections with their own capitals, created mobile armies, issued a new coinage, and built new capitals

what was Constantinople?

the capital of Rome that was surrounded by water on three sides (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey)

What is meant by saying the Roman Empire fell? What fell? When?

the loss of central political control in the Western Roman empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities

What is Pompeii and what happened there?

an ancient Roman city located by a volcano; the city was buried under the eruption of the nearby volcano and a majority of its citizens were buried in ash and rock

What are some Roman accomplishments and contributions to our world?

Christianity, Roman law and government, Aqueducts, Concrete, Newspapers, Welfare programs, Roads and highways, Roman arches, Julian calendar, and battlefield surgery