Biology Keystone Review

Flashcards summarizing key concepts and vocabulary from the Biology Keystone Review.

Cell Cycle

The repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division occurring in eukaryotic cells.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle where cell growth and DNA replication occur.

M Phase

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis

Nuclear division where the nucleus divides.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

G1 Phase

The gap 1 phase of interphase where the cell grows and makes proteins.

S Phase

The synthesis phase of interphase where DNA replicates.

G2 Phase

The gap 2 phase of interphase where cells continue to grow and prepare for division.

Cleavage Furrow

The indentation that forms in the cell membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells.

Cell Plate

The structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis to divide the cells.

Diploid

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

A cell that contains one set of chromosomes.

Genetic Mutation

A change in the sequence of DNA that may or may not affect the phenotype.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Allele Frequency

How often an allele appears in a population.

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Biotechnology

The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.

Mutation Types

Changes in DNA that can be classified as silent, nonsense, missense, frameshift.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Food Chain

A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another.

Food Web

A complex network of feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem.

Trophic Levels

The different levels in a food chain or web, categorized as producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, etc.