Anatomy 2nd Semester Midterm

Muscle fiber

Individual skeletal muscle cell

Sarcolemma

Cell membrane of a muscle fiber

Aponeurosis

Flat, sheetlike fiber that connects muscle to muscle

Perimysium

Strong fibrous membrane that wraps groups of muscle fibers

Fascicle

Unit of muscle fibers wrapped with perimysium

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle

Smooth muscle

Visceral muscle

Peristalsis

Symmetrical squeezing of the walls of the digestive tract

Intercalated discs

Structures found only in cardiac muscle

Action potential

The electrical charge produced in nerve or muscle fiber by stimulation

Motor unit

A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates

Cross bridges

Connections between the heads of myosin filaments and receptor sites on the actin filaments

Abduction

Movement of a body segment away from the midline of the body

Origin

Muscle attachment to a relatively fixed structure

Adduction

Movement of a body segment closer to the midline of the body

Insertion

Muscle attachment to a bone that typically moves when the muscle contracts

Extension

Movement that returns a body segment from a position of flexion to anatomical position

Flexion

Forward movement of a body segment away from anatomical position

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon

Parallel fiber arrangement

What is A?

Sternocleidomastoid

What is A?

Zygomaticus

What is B?

Sartorius

What is A?

Rectus femoris

What is B?

Gastrocnemius

What is C?

Concentric

_____ contraction results in shortening of a muscle

Tetanus

With high frequency stimulation the muscle develops a sustained, maximal level of tension called _______

Sarcomeres

The functional units inside a muscle fiber are the _________

Opposition

Touching any of your four fingers to your thumb is known as _______

Synaptic cleft

The gap between an axon terminal on one neuron and the dendrite on another neuron is the _______

Multipolar

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is a _________ neuron

Diencephalon

The _______ is also called the interbrain

Pia mater

The innermost layer of the meninges is the ________

Frontal

The ________ lobe of the cerebrum functions in memory, intelligence and emotions

12

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves

Fusiform

Triangular

Bundled

Parallel muscle fiber arrangements

Zygomaticus

Frontalis

Temporalis

Muscle of the head or neck

Trapezius

Muscle in the upper back

Tennis elbow

Lateral epicondylitis is a condition known as ____

Astrocytes

The _____ protect neurons from harmful substances in the blood

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

Parts of a neuron

Presence of myelin sheath

Diameter of axon

Body temperature

Factors in the speed of a nerve impulse transmission

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Midbrain

Parts of the brain stem

Hormones

Cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier

Trigeminal

Vagus

Facial

Cranial nerves

All muscle actions would be performed by consciously directed nerve activity, giving people greater control over their body

Pros of body organs being made up exclusively of voluntary muscle

People could decide when to move food through the digestive system

(Example) Pros of body organs being made up exclusively of voluntary muscle

People would be preoccupied with moving their muscles to perform essential functions that they currently take for granted because they require no mental effort

Cons of body organs being made up exclusively of voluntary muscle

Shortening of the biceps

Concentric contractions

Lifting a glass to drink from it

Example of concentric contractions

Cause no change in muscle length

Isometric contractions

Holding down a gas pedal while driving

Example of isometric contractions

Lengthen muscles

Eccentric contractions

Setting down a heavy box

Example of eccentric contractions

By performing automatic processes that are necessary for life

How the automatic nervous system keeps a person alive

Heart rate

Respiratory rate

Digestion

Examples of automatic nervous system processes

If a part of the brain controlling movement, sensation, or language is damaged or lost due to stroke or injury, other parts can compensate.

If one component or structure in the brain gets damaged, will the other structures compensate enough for the person to fully function normally?

Damage to the brain before or during birth, or in early infancy

Cause of cerebral palsy

Brain with an abnormal shape or structure

Effect #1 of cerebral palsy on the structure of cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Damaged nerve cells and brain tissues

Effect #2 of cerebral palsy on the structure of cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Motor function impairment

Effect #3 of cerebral palsy on the structure of cells, tissues, organs, and systems