Public Speaking Final

developing a research plan

1 analyze your topic to decide exactly what you need

2 let your topic guide your choice of sources

3budget enough time into your schedule

primary source

information from a person actually involved in the event

secondary source

summary or interpretation of an event or a person provided by a nonparticipant

original document

evidence recorded by a primary source such as a letter or autobiography

source card

card used to record bibliographic information

tertiary source

condenses primary and secondary materials into collections such as encyclopedias

oral citation

verbally announcing source to audience

intext citation

inserting the source before or after the quote used in paper

reference page

list of all sources used in paper

cofo library database…boolean operators

monitored, reviewed, organized, non-commercial, guidelines, and limited amount

red flags for unworthy sources

ads, no author info, broken links, vague claims, poor grammar

empirical facts

information verifiable by observation

established facts

information verified consistently by many observers

enumeration

a count

mean

average of group of numbers

median

middle number in a set of numbers arranged in a ranked order

mode

most frequently occurring number

percentage

figure that shows the relationship of the part to the whole, which is represented by the number 100

rounding

rounding up or down to make a number often times nicer looking

hypothetical examples

not a real incident or person but true to life

brief examples

short illustrations to sum up ideas

extended examples

includes many details than gives listeners an opportunity to identify emotionally with the subject of the story

peer testimony

testimonies given without expertise

expert testimony

opinion stated by one under oath

direct quotes

taken directly from the source

paraphrase

rewording from the original source

ethos

personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worthy of the audience’s confidence

pathos

appeals or reasons directed toward audience emotions

logos

arguments from the words of the speech itself; often called rational proofs

persuasion

the symbolic process in which a communicator intentionally creates an argument in an attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice

inductive reasoning

starting with specific instances or examples, then formulating a reasonable conclusion

deductive reasoning

starting with a principle (the premise) and applying it to a specific case

enthymeme

omitting part of the syllogism in an argument and letting listeners supply what’s missing; inherently dialogical

circular argument

conclusion is included in the premise essentially assuming with it is trying to prove

false analogy

comparing two things too dissimilar to warrant the conclusion drawn

hasty generalization

a fallacy of induction; generalizing too broadly, given the evidence

false cause

someone concludes that one event causes another simply because they are associated

slippery slope

stating, without proof, that if one step is taken, a domino effect will cause other negative results

non sequitur

conclusion that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement

appeal to tradition

asserts and idea, policy, or action is correct or superior because it is old or has always been done that way

bandwagon

an appeal to the popular reason instead of offering evidence

argument from silence

draws conclusion based on absence of evidence or failure to mention something

false dilemma

stating an issue as an either-or choice overlooking other reasonable possibilities

statistal fallacy

misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood

inappropriate appeal to authority

claim is deemed true simply because it is supported by an authority figure

red herring

something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question

ad hominem

an attack on the messenger rather than the message

straw man

intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponents real argument

appeal to pity

someone attempts to persuade others by eliciting feelings of pity or guilt rather than presenting logical evidence

plain folks

propaganda where speaker presents themselves as an average person to connect with the audience and make their argument more convincing

guilt by association

occurs when someone attempts to discredit an argument by association the opponent wiht a demonized group or a bad person

appeal to ignorance

someone argues that a claim is true simple because it has not been proven false or vice versa

post hoc

fallacy of causation; assumes that one thing follows another, the first caused the second

equality

instead of imposing your superior views on others who need to change…you view your listeners as equal

nonhierarchical value of all

you approach your audience as equaling you in rank…you look for the value in their conclusions as well as your own

self determination

if listeners change their opinions or their behaviors, it wont be because you shamed or scared them into accepting your views

claims of fact

address controversial questions about what, when, where, why, or how something happened or will happen

claims of value

asserts qualitative judgements about what is good, bad, right, or wrong

claims of policy

proposes a specific course of action that should be taken or avoided regarding a particular issue

grounds (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

evidence and facts that support a claim

claim (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

the assertion the author wants to prove to the audience

warrant (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

the component that connects the claim to the evidence

qualifier (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

limits the scope of a claim and indicates how the data justifies the warrant

backing (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

the additional evidence or reasoning that supports the warrant

rebuttal (toulmin’s model of reasoning)

acknowledgment of another valid view in the situation

Leon Festingers Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

individuals have an inner drive to maintain harmony among their attitudes and behaviors

audience analysis…scale

geographical

target audience

group of people identified as being likely customers of a business

reservations

a doubt to an argument or agreement

rebuttals

refutation or contradiction

monroes motivated sequence - attention

capture the audience's interest using a compelling opener

monroes motivated sequence - need

establish a problem or need that affects the audience

monroes motivated sequence - satisfaction

offer a solution to the problem and explain how it benefits the audience

monroes motivated sequence - visualization

hdelp the audience visualize the positive outcomes of the solution

monroes motivated sequence - action

directly ask the audience to take a specific action