exam cogn 2

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/171

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

172 Terms

1
New cards
Ambiguity Resolution Theory
Proposes that visual selective attention's primary function is to resolve ambiguities in scenes with multiple objects by prioritizing specific interpretations.
2
New cards
Attention
A family of cognitive mechanisms that help us select, modulate, and sustain focus on relevant information.
3
New cards
Attentional Bias
The tendency to direct attention to certain types of stimuli over others, especially emotional stimuli.
4
New cards
Attentional Bias Modification (ABM)
A cognitive training technique that alters attentional biases, used in treating anxiety and emotional disorders.
5
New cards
Attentional Blink
A brief period after detecting a stimulus during which a person is less likely to notice a second stimulus.
6
New cards
Attentional Capture
The automatic attraction of attention by a sudden or salient stimulus.
7
New cards
Attenuator Model of Attention
Treisman’s theory that suggests the brain weakens unattended information rather than completely filtering it out.
8
New cards
Biased Competition Model of Attention
A theory stating different stimuli compete for neural processing, with attention influencing which stimulus wins.
9
New cards
Binding Problem
The challenge of how the brain integrates information from different sensory modalities to create a unified perception.
10
New cards
Blindsight
A condition where individuals with visual cortex damage respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness.
11
New cards
Bottom-Up Selection
A process where attention is automatically guided by stimulus-driven properties, such as brightness.
12
New cards
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Suggests that positive emotions broaden thought-action repertoires and build lasting personal resources.
13
New cards
Capacity-Limited
The idea that cognitive processing has a finite capacity, limiting the amount of information attended to at once.
14
New cards
Change Blindness
A failure to notice large changes in a visual scene that occur during a brief visual disruption.
15
New cards
Cocktail Party Problem
The difficulty of focusing on one auditory stimulus while filtering out multiple competing conversations.
16
New cards
Conjunction
A condition in attention research where multiple features must be combined to identify an object.
17
New cards
Contextual Cueing
A phenomenon where past experiences with visual contexts guide attention to relevant stimuli efficiently.
18
New cards
Continuous Performance Task (CPT)
A test measuring sustained attention and response control by requiring responses to specific stimuli.
19
New cards
Covert Attention
Shifting attention without moving the eyes or head, focusing mentally on something.
20
New cards
Dichotic Listening
A task where different auditory streams are presented to each ear, requiring selective attention.
21
New cards
Dot Probe Task
A cognitive test assessing how quickly a person responds to stimuli in previously cued locations.
22
New cards
Early Selection
A model proposing that filtering of stimuli occurs at an early processing stage before perceptual analysis.
23
New cards
Emotion-Induced Blindness
A phenomenon where emotionally salient stimuli disrupt awareness of subsequent visual stimuli.
24
New cards
Endogenous Cue
A cue that originates internally and voluntarily directs attention, like an arrow pointing in a direction.
25
New cards
Exogenous Cue
A stimulus-driven cue that captures attention automatically, like a sudden flash of light.
26
New cards
Explicit Attention
Conscious and deliberate focus on a specific stimulus or task.
27
New cards
External Attention
Attention directed toward external stimuli rather than internal thoughts.
28
New cards
Eye Tracking
Technology measuring eye movements and gaze patterns to study attention and visual processing.
29
New cards
Feature-Based Attention
A type of attention focusing on specific characteristics of stimuli, like color or motion.
30
New cards
Feature Integration Theory
Treisman's theory explaining how visual features combine through attention to form coherent perceptions.
31
New cards
Filter Model of Attention
Broadbent's theory suggesting attention acts as a bottleneck, filtering out unattended stimuli early.
32
New cards
Gabor Patches
Visual stimuli of sinusoidal gratings used in attention and vision research.
33
New cards
Gist
The overall meaning or summary of a scene perceived quickly without focusing on details.
34
New cards
Illusory Conjunctions
A phenomenon where features from multiple objects are mistakenly combined, indicating the need for attention.
35
New cards
Implicit Attention
Automatic, unconscious attention to stimuli without intentional focus.
36
New cards
Inattentional Blindness
Failure to notice unexpected objects in a visual scene when attention is engaged elsewhere.
37
New cards
Inhibition of Return (IOR)
A cognitive process discouraging reorienting attention to previously attended locations.
38
New cards
Late Selection
A model suggesting filtering occurs later in processing, after perceptual analysis.
39
New cards
Load Theory
A theory stating attentional resources are limited, processing of unattended stimuli depends on cognitive load.
40
New cards
Modulation
The process by which attention alters neural responses to sensory input.
41
New cards
Object-Based Attention
A theory suggesting attention is allocated to whole objects rather than just spatial locations.
42
New cards
Overt Attention
Directing attention by physically moving the eyes toward a stimulus.
43
New cards
Parallel Processing
Simultaneous processing of multiple stimuli or features, often in early visual perception.
44
New cards
Perceptual Load
The cognitive effort required to process a stimulus, affecting attention allocation.
45
New cards
Posner Cueing Task
A psychological test studying attention by measuring reaction times to targets in cued versus uncued locations.
46
New cards
Preattentive Processing
Automatic analysis of visual information before conscious attention is engaged.
47
New cards
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) Task
A task presenting stimuli quickly at the same location, studying attentional processes.
48
New cards
Receptive Field
The specific area in the visual field that a neuron responds to.
49
New cards
Reflexive Attention
The automatic shifting of attention in response to an unexpected stimulus.
50
New cards
Saccades
Rapid eye movements that shift gaze from one point to another.
51
New cards
Saliency Map
A computational representation highlighting visually distinct areas likely to capture attention.
52
New cards
Selection
The process of choosing which stimuli to focus on while ignoring others.
53
New cards
Serial Processing
Step-by-step processing of information, as opposed to parallel processing.
54
New cards
Acoustic Similarity Effect
The phenomenon where similar-sounding words or letters are more likely to be confused in memory.
55
New cards
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
A brain region involved in cognitive control, error detection, and conflict monitoring.
56
New cards
Articulatory Rehearsal Loop
A component of working memory where information is maintained through subvocal repetition.
57
New cards
Articulatory Suppression
A process disrupting the phonological loop by requiring irrelevant sounds to be repeated.
58
New cards
Attention Restoration Theory
Proposes that exposure to natural environments restores cognitive resources depleted by directed attention tasks.
59
New cards
Automatic Process
A mental process that occurs quickly and without conscious effort.
60
New cards
Central Bottleneck Model
A theory suggesting a processing bottleneck limits the ability to perform two cognitive tasks simultaneously.
61
New cards
Central Executive
A component of working memory that directs attention and manages cognitive processes.
62
New cards
Chunks
Meaningful units of information grouped together in working memory.
63
New cards
Cognitive Control
The ability to regulate thought and behavior according to goals or environmental demands.
64
New cards
Cognitive Interference
Disruption in cognitive processing caused by irrelevant thoughts or distractions.
65
New cards
Cognitive Load
The amount of working memory required to perform a task.
66
New cards
Cognitive Overlap
The degree tasks share mental resources, influencing multitasking performance.
67
New cards
Conflict Monitoring
The process of detecting and resolving cognitive conflicts.
68
New cards
Conflict Resolution
The ability to suppress competing cognitive processes to achieve a goal.
69
New cards
Controlled Process
A mental process requiring conscious effort and attention.
70
New cards
Digitspan Task
A memory test requiring recall of a sequence of numbers to measure working memory capacity.
71
New cards
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
A brain region involved in executive functions like working memory.
72
New cards
Dualtask Experiments
Studies where participants perform two tasks simultaneously.
73
New cards
Ego Depletion
The concept that self-control is a finite resource impacting cognitive performance.
74
New cards
Emotion Regulation
Strategies used to influence emotions, including reappraisal and suppression.
75
New cards
Episodic Buffer
A component of working memory integrating information from different sources.
76
New cards
Error Detection
The ability to recognize mistakes in real-time.
77
New cards
Error-related Negativity (ERN)
A neural response signaling detection of errors.
78
New cards
Flanker Task
A cognitive task measuring attentional control using distracting stimuli.
79
New cards
Individuate
The process of distinguishing between similar stimuli or concepts.
80
New cards
Inhibition
The ability to suppress irrelevant information to maintain cognitive control.
81
New cards
Internal Attention
Allocation of cognitive resources to internally generated thoughts or plans.
82
New cards
Irrelevant Speech Effect
Disruption of verbal working memory performance by background speech.
83
New cards
Longterm Memory
A system for storing information over extended periods.
84
New cards
Manipulates
The process of modifying mental representations in cognitive psychology.
85
New cards
Mental Chronometry
The study of reaction times to infer cognitive processing speed.
86
New cards
Perceptual Interference
Disruption of perception and cognition by irrelevant sensory information.
87
New cards
Perseveration Errors
Repetition of incorrect responses observed in cognitive flexibility tasks.
88
New cards
Phonological Loop
A working memory component involved in storing and processing verbal information.
89
New cards
Phonological Store
A temporary storage system for verbal information within the phonological loop.
90
New cards
Prediction Error
The difference between expected and actual outcomes, important in learning.
91
New cards
Preparation Effect
Improved performance when given time to prepare for a task.
92
New cards
Proactive Control
Cognitive control where goal-relevant information is actively maintained.
93
New cards
Psychological Refractory Period
The delay in response when processing multiple stimuli in quick succession.
94
New cards
Reactive Control
Cognitive control adjustments made in response to unexpected demands.
95
New cards
Residual Switch Cost
The lingering cognitive cost of switching between tasks.
96
New cards
Resource
The mental capacity available for cognitive tasks.
97
New cards
Resource Model
Frameworks describing how cognitive resources are allocated among tasks.
98
New cards
Resource Sharing
The division of cognitive resources among multiple tasks.
99
New cards
Response Interference
Difficulty in task performance caused by competing responses.
100
New cards
Rumination
Repetitive, negative thinking that interferes with cognitive control.