Ecology and Human Body Review Flashcards

Flashcards for final review part 2, covering ecology, immune system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system.

Habitat

The physical location that an organism lives.

Community

All living things together in an ecosystem.

Herbivores in the trophic level pyramid

2nd level

How Omnivores get energy

Eating other organisms

Heterotrophs

Organisms who cannot produce their own food/energy and eat other organisms

How Producers get energy

Photosynthesis

Decomposer

Organisms that decompose waste material

Niche

When an organism has adapted to fulfill a specific role in an ecosystem.

Levels of organization in an ecosystem from smallest to largest

organism → population → community → ecosystem, biosphere

Competition

The struggle between individuals or populations for a limited resource.

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one organism

Mutualism

Where both species benefit in a symbiotic relationship

Keystone Species

A species that will cause its ecosystem to fall apart if it disappears

Biodiversity

Variety of life/living things

Where to find Mucus Membranes

Body openings/linings

Virus

A pathogen that needs a host cell in order to replicate

Type of barrier that bacteria on the skin and GI tract act as

Biological

Type of barriers that physically block pathogens from entering the body

Mechanical

Type of barrier sweat, tears, and saliva act as

Chemical

Parts of the innate second line defense mechanism

Inflammatory response

Signs of the inflammatory response

Redness and swelling

What Leukocytes do

Fight against cancer, infected, virus cells/pathogens

First step in the inflammatory response

Pathogen enters the body

Line of defense the inflammatory response is part of

2nd

Type of defense that is the same no matter what type of pathogen is involved

Nonspecific

What Cytokines and Histamines do

Alert other cells where pathogens are, coordinate immune response

Major types of lymphocytes

B cells, T cells

Letter the antibody resembles

Y

Activated B cells that secrete antibodies

Plasma

Cells that respond quickly if a body encounters a pathogen for the second time

Memory T and B cells

Number of different types of antigens an antibody can interact with

1

Type of cells that produce antibodies

Plasma cells

Function of a Helper T-Cell

Activates other immune cells, regulates + coordinates immune response, releases cytokines that turn B cells into plasma cell

Line of defense the humoral response is

3rd

What cytokines do in the humoral response

Transform B cells to plasma cells released by helper T

Where antigens can be found

On the surface of pathogens

What T-cell activation begins with

A naive T-cell being exposed to a pathogen

What Killer-T cells do

Can fight off pathogens; can multiply themselves

Cells that engulf a pathogen and display fragments on their cell surface

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Naive T-Cell

A T cell that has not been shown a pathogen

Type of T cells involved in stopping an immune response after a pathogen has been eliminated

Regulatory T cell

Line of defense is the cell-mediated response

3rd

What allows the body to remember the pathogen in case it comes again

Memory

Type of immunity allows antibodies to be transferred from mother to child through breast milk

Passive immunity

True statement about passive immunity

It’s temporary

Example of active immunity

Someone getting immunity after healing from a disease

Why weakened versions of a pathogen injected in people for vaccines

It triggers an inflammatory response but is not severe enough to cause a disease

A disease that is caused makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen is

Allergy

Allergy medicine often reduce the effects of

Histamines

Allergies are due to the body overreacting to a harmless

Allergen

How blood flows through the chambers of the heart

Left atrium -> left ventricle -> lungs -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> rest of the body

Main function of the circulatory system

To transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs, removes carbon dioxide by pumping blood in the body

Difference between arteries and veins

Arteries pull blood away from the heart, veins pull blood toward the heart

Role of capillaries in the circulatory system

It is where gas exchange takes place

Purpose of the valves in the heart

To ensure blood flows in one direction

How the circulatory system help maintain homeostasis in the body

Regulate body temperature

How the circulatory system regulate body temperature

Brings blood closer to the surface, having heat escaping, cooling the body. Pulls blood further from the surface, having less heat escaping, heating the body

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood pumping on artery wall, measured over two kinds of pressure or the band around the arm

Role of the immune system related to the circulatory system

The organs in the immune system use organs in the circulatory system as a “transport system" to reach sites of inflammation, and circulatory systems help transport cells. Immune cells live in circulatory system

How the circulatory system transport nutrients and waste products

Circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells, removing CO2 from body cells

How is heart attack related to the circulatory system

Heart attack is caused by plaque buildup in arteries

How smoking affects the circulatory system

Damages alveoli, increases plaque buildup, rises blood pressure, increases chance of heart disease and stroke

What pulmonary arteries do

Transports oxygenated blood throughout the body

What pulmonary veins do

Transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart

Atherosclerosis

When plaque builds up in the arteries

High blood pressure

When blood is rushing through the arteries too fast

Why veins have valves in it

To ensure the blood flows in one direction: towards the heart

What alveoli do

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Structure allows food and air to pass through

Pharynx

The Larynx is also known as

Voice box

Connected to the trachea are two

Bronchi

At the end of bronchioles can you find these structures

Alveoli

Diffusion

The spread of particles from low to high concentration

Pulmonary gas exchange

Gas exchange that takes place in the lungs; air entering the lungs and the carbon dioxide leaving

Peripheral gas exchange

Gas exchange that takes place in the body; oxygens transferred from blood/body cells transfer carbon dioxide

How the diaphragm related to the respiratory system

Helps with inhaling and exhaling. When inhaling, diaphragm contracts/moves down. When exhaling, diaphragm releases/moves up

Letters representing parts of the respiratory system diagram

A. Bronchi B. Bronchioles C. Alveoli D. Nasal cavity E. Pharynx F. Larynx G. Trachea

What bile do

Break down fats/lipids into smaller parts

Function of the large intestine

helps take remains of digested food and prepares it for elimination

Chemical digestion of starch into sugars begins in the

Mouth

Kind of digestion mainly occurs in the small intestine

Chemical digestion

Function of pancreas in the digestive system

Produces digestive chemicals

Component of nonspecific defense

Mechanical barriers

Function of a helper T cell

To release cytokines that signal the B cells develop into plasma cell

Which of the following is surrounded by the cartilage to prevent collapsing when breathing

Trachea