FA overview

What joints form the shoulder?

Glenohumeral joint - synovial, hinge

What are the 11 muscles involved in the shoulder joint?

deltoideus, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, brachiocephalicus, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, serratus ventralis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectorals

list the 4 nerves innervating the shoulder

axillary

subscapular

suprascapular

thoracodorsal

what are the main features supporting the shoulder?

glenoid labarum

glenoid cavity

biceps tendon

transverse humeral retinaculum (dog)

medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments

intertubercular bursa (horse)

coracohumeral ligament (horse)

What is movement like in the shoulder?

more movement in dog. mostly flexion and extension in horse with slight adduction and abduction.

What joints form the elbow?

Humeroradial joint (hinge), Humeroulnar joint (hinge). radioulnar joint (syndesmosis)

Name the 5 muscles involved in the elbow joint

triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis, tensor facia antebrachii, anconeus

list the 4 nerves innervating the elbow

radial nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

medial and ulnar nerve

What are the main features supporting the elbow?

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

annular ligament (dog)

pronator teres muscle (dog)

interosseous ligament (dog)

what movement occurs in the elbow?

flexion, extension. rotation (dog)

What joints form the distal forelimb?

Radiocarpal (condylar), middle carpal (condylar), intercarpal (plane), carpometacarpal (plane)

metacarpophalangeal (hinge)

interphalangeal (PIP, DIP)

name the 8 muscles involved in the distal forelimb

extensor carpi radialis

flexor carpi radialis

ulnaris lateralis

flexor carpi ulnaris

common digital extensor

lateral digital extensor

deep digital flexor

superficial digital flexor

pronator teres (dog)

what are the main features supporting the distal forelimb

SDFT

DDFT

CDET

LDET

suspensory ligament

sesamoid ligaments

which nerves innervate the distal forelimb?

radial nerve

ulnar nerve

musculocutaneous nerve

median nerve

What joints form the hip?

Sacroiliac joint (synovial, plane and fibrous syndesmosis)

coxofemoral joint (synovial, ball and socket)

weight bearing corresponds to dogs BW but horses bare 40-45% of BW on joint

list the muscles involved in the hip

gluteals

tensor facia latae

hamstrings (biceps femoris. semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

sartorius

rectus femoris

pectineus

iliopsoas

name the key features/ligaments in the hip

transverse acetabulum ligament

femoral head ligament

labarum

what nerves innervate the hip

gluteal (caudal/cranial)

sciatic

obturator

femoral

accessory nerve of the femoral head

What movement occurs in the hip

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation

most extension just before end of stance phase

most flexion at end of swing phase

What joints form the stifle?

femoropatellar (plane), femorotibial (medial and lateral) (condylar), tibiofibular (plane)

What 5 muscles are involved in the stifle?

Hamstrings

gastrocnemius

sartorius

quadriceps femoris

tensor fascia latae

Which 4 muscles form the quadriceps femoris?

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vasus lateralis

which nerves innervate the stifle?

femoral nerve

sciatic nerve

obturator nerve

tibial nerve

peroneal (fibular) nerve

saphenous nerve

What are the main features supporting the stifle?

patellar tendon(s) - 3 in horse, 1 in dog

cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

medial and lateral menisci

bursae - horse

fat pad - dog

What movement occurs in the stifle?

flexion, extension, minimal adduction, abduction and rotation

What joints form the tarsus/distal hindlimb?

tibiotarsal joint (hinge), intertarsal (plane), tarsometatarsal (plane), proximal/distal intertarsal joint (plane)

Which 9 muscles are involved in the tarsus/distal hindlimb?

gastrocnemius

hamstrings

gracilis

peroneus tertius (horse)

cranial tibial muscle

superficial digital flexor

deep digital flexor

common digital extensor

lateral digital extensor

Which nerves innervate the distal hindlimb?

tibial nerve

peroneal (fibular) nerve (superficial and deep)

What are the main features supporting the distal hindlimb?

SDFT

DDFT

CDET

LDET

annular ligament (horse)

suspensory ligament

collateral ligaments of the coffin joint

plantar ligaments

What are the intrinsic muscles involved in the spine

Splenius, sternocephalicus. spinalis, longissimus, multifidus

What are the extrinsic muscles involved in the spine?

Iliocostalis, iliopsoas, longissimus

What are the main supporting features of the spine?

Nuchal ligament, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament

ventral/dorsal sacroiliac ligament, lateral sacroiliac ligament, sacrosciatic ligament, sacrotuberous ligament (dog)

What joints are there within the spine?

Atlantooccipital joint (synovial), atlantoaxial joint (synovial), intervertebral joints (symphyses), articular joints of vertebrae (synovial), sacroiliac joint

What movement occurs in the atlantooccipital joint?

flexion and extension (nodding) with minor lateral flexion

What movement occurs at the atlantoaxial joint?

Primarily axial rotation and minor lateral flexion

What movement occurs in the cervical region of the spine?

Lateral bending and flexion/extension. Slight axial rotation in C1 and C2

What movement occurs in the thoracic region of the spine?

Very limited movement (presence if ribs), minor lateral flexion in caudal thoracic vertebrae

What movement occurs in the lumbar region of the spine?

Moderate flexion/extension and minimal lateral flexion