ANSC 113-500 – Spring 2025 – EXAM 4

Flashcards for vocabulary review

Hormones with Important Metabolic Roles

Glands that influence the overall metabolism due to their action in many different tissues.

T3 and T4

Control of basal metabolism (heat production, energy burning, heart rate).

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

Control the metabolic alterations related to the stress response.

Somatomedins (IGFs)

Control of growth in general, in interaction with GH (growth hormone).

Parathyroid hormone

Control blood levels of calcium.

Glucagon and insulin

Control blood levels of glucose.

Melatonin

Controls sleep-awake cycles and has an important role in reproduction of seasonal breeders.

Sertoli cells

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish developing sperm cells.

Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids

Cells in the seminiferous tubules involved in sperm cell production.

Leydig cells

Cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone.

Ovarian cortex

Outer layer of the ovary; in most species, it contains the ovarian follicles.

Ovarian medulla

Inner layer of the ovary, which mostly contains connective tissue and blood vessels.

Theca cells

Outer layer follicular cells

Granulosa cells

Inner layer follicular cells

Zona pellucida

The glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte.

Follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary (or antral) follicles

A primordial follicle is an immature primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cells.

Corpus hemorrhagicum

Bloody body; a structure that forms after ovulation when the follicle collapses and fills with blood.

Corpus luteum

Yellow body; a structure that develops from the corpus hemorrhagicum and produces progesterone.

Corpus albicans

White body; a scar-like structure that remains after the corpus luteum regresses.

Spermatozoa capacitation

The process by which spermatozoa gain the ability to fertilize an egg.

Acrosome reaction

Enzyme-containing structure in the sperm head that releases enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.

Zona protein 3

A protein on the zona pellucida that binds to sperm.

Polar bodies

Small cells produced during oogenesis as a byproduct of meiosis.

Perivitelline space

The space between the zona pellucida and the oocyte membrane.

Membrane depolarization

Changes in the oocyte membrane that prevent polyspermy.

Cortical reaction

Enzymatic changes in the oocyte that prevent polyspermy.

Hardening of the zona pellucida

Changes in the zona pellucida that make it impermeable to other sperm cells.

Resuming of meiosis

The oocyte completes its second meiotic division upon fertilization.

Pronuclei formation and fusion

The nuclei of the sperm and egg before they fuse.

Amnion

Membrane surrounding the embryo that provides a fluid environment.

Allantois

Sac connected to the fetal hindgut that stores waste.

Chorioallantois

Fused chorioallantoic membrane.

Chorion

Outermost layer of the placenta.