APUSH PERIOD 2

Jamestown, Virginia (1607)

First permanent English settlement; grew due to tobacco → start of English colonization

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco; made Virginia profitable; foundation of plantation economy.

Pocahontas

Mediated between Natives and colonists; symbol of early English-Native relations

Captain John Smith

Leader of Jamestown; enforced discipline (“He who does not work, shall not eat”).

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer; claimed Hudson River Valley → led to New Amsterdam.

Fur trade

Main French/Dutch economic activity; required Native alliances.

Intermarriage

Common in French/Spanish colonies (alliances with Natives); rare in English colonies.

New England Colonies

Founded by Puritans; small farms, shipbuilding, trade; town meetings, religious motives.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia/Maryland; tobacco, indentured servants → slavery; House of Burgesses.

Southern Colonies

Plantation economy (rice, indigo, slavery); Georgia founded by James Oglethorpe.

Middle Colonies

Diverse, tolerant; William Penn & Quakers; “breadbasket” (grain exports).

Puritans

Wanted to purify the Anglican Church; settled New England.

Plymouth Colony

founded by Pilgrims (Separatists) in 1620.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay; “City upon a Hill.”

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island; supported separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts for challenging church authority.

Subsistence farming

Small-scale farming to support family; common in New England.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania; Quaker, promoted tolerance.

Quakers

Pacifist, egalitarian religious group; settled Pennsylvania.

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in colonies (Virginia, 1619).

Town meetings

Local self-government in New England.

Mayflower Compact

Early self-government agreement by Pilgrims (1620).

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown.

Pilgrims

Separatists who founded Plymouth in 1620.

Mayflower

Ship carrying Pilgrims to Plymouth.

Separatists

Broke from Church of England; founded Plymouth.

Great Migration

1630s Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in America.

Halfway Covenant

Allowed partial church membership; showed declining Puritan zeal.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia; refuge for debtors.

Transatlantic Trade

Exchange between Europe, Africa, and Americas; included slavery.

Mercantilism

Economic system; colonies serve mother country.

Middle Passage

Brutal transport of enslaved Africans to Americas.

Mother Country

England; colonies exist to enrich it.

Navigation Acts

Regulated trade to benefit England; restricted colonial trad

Salutary Neglect

Loose enforcement of laws; colonies develop autonomy.

Atlantic economy

Integrated trade system; included goods, enslaved people, ideas.

Dominion of New England

Attempt to centralize control of colonies; resisted.

Sir Edmund Andros

Unpopular governor of Dominion of New England.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Overthrew James II; inspired colonial resistance.

King Philip’s War (1675–76)

Native resistance led by Metacom; destroyed many towns; crushed Native power in New England.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Poor farmers vs. Virginia elite; led to shift from indentured servants to slavery.

King Philip (Metacom)

Leader of Wampanoag; fought colonists in King Philip’s War.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Successful Native uprising against Spanish in New Mexico.

Wampanoag

Natives Tribe involved in King Philip’s War.

Sir William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia; opposed by Bacon’s rebels.

1619

First Africans brought to Virginia.

Indentured servants

Laborers who worked for passage; precursor to slavery.

Slave codes

Laws controlling enslaved people; entrenched racial slavery.

Headright system

Land granted to those who paid passage; promoted plantation system.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Major slave revolt in South Carolina; led to harsher slave laws.

Pluralism

Diversity of religion/ethnicity; strongest in Middle Colonies.

First Great Awakening (1730s–40s)

Religious revival; emotional sermons; new denominations.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

George Whitefield

Traveling preacher; spread Great Awakening.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker; natural rights, consent of governed.

European Enlightenment

ideas of reason, rights, self-government; influenced colonists.

Anglicization .

Colonies becoming culturally like Britain

Uniquely American identity

Colonial experience fostering independence and unity.

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Jonathan Edwards’ famous Great Awakening sermon.

“Old Lights”

Traditional clergy; opposed emotional preaching.

“New Lights”

Supported revivalism and emotional sermons.