Unit Five Study Guide

Memory

What is memory?

An active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

Where is the best place to take your biology exam?

Where the biology class takes place

What are the steps in the memory process?

1. Encoding - The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems

2. Storage - Holding onto information for a period of time

3. Retrieval - Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

What is sensory memory?

Sensory memory is the very first stage of memory, at which massive amounts of information enter the nervous system. Selective attention needs to happen in order for this information to be used.

Attachment usually takes place within which part of life?

The first 6 months

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.Researchers express that a key aspect to intelligence is to ___.

Researchers express that a key aspect to intelligence is to ___.

Adapt to new situations

What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

Gardner’s theory suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed attribute, but rather, a collection including verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, visual, movement, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, & existentialist.

Stanford Binet invented the first ___ test.

Intelligence

What is developmental delay and the factors that contribute to it?

Developmental delay - condition in which a person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age.

• Contributing factors:

  • Deprived environments

  • Chromosome & genetic disorders

  • Dietary deficiencies

What are the 3 temperaments?

Easy, difficult, slow to adapt

What are the influences of nature vs. nurture?

• Nature (biological) - the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

• Nurture (environmental) - the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

What are Kohlberg’s levels of morality?

• 1st level: pre-conventional morality - About avoiding punishment or seeking personal gain (self-interest)

• 2nd level: conventional morality - About following rules, laws, and the expectations of others to gain approval or avoid disapproval

  • Ex) Returning a wallet because that’s what society would expect them to do and it aligns w/ the social norm

• 3rd level: post-conventional morality - Guided by universal ethical principles, even if they conflict with laws or social norms

What does the theory of adjustment that older people are happier if they are doing activities like volunteering, refer to?

Activity theory

What is the correct sequence of the stages of dying are?

 Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

What’s another name for lifespan?

Human development

What’s the science of heredity?

Genetics

“Experience is the key to all knowledge” is associated with ___.

Empiricism (the view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience and observation)

What is chunking?

Dividing information into meaningful units

In Mazlow’s needs of hierarchy, which hierarchical need must be met first?

Physiological needs

What’s at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Self-actualization

The phrase “be all that you can be” refers to which of Mazlow’s hierarchical needs?

Self-actualization because it talks about fulfilling your true potential

What are the different theories of emotion?

• Common Sense Theory of Emotion - A stimulus leads to an emotion which then leads to bodily arousal.

• James-Lange Theory of Emotion - A theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion.

• Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion - A theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.

• Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion - A theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.

What is the difference between “drives” and “instincts”?

• Drive - A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

• Instinct - The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals. 

What is drive reduction theory?

• Drive-Reduction Theory - an approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

  • Ex) When an individual experiences a physiological need (hunger, thirst, need for warmth), it creates a drive that motivates them to take action to satisfy the need.

What are the three types of needs?

• Need for Achievement (nAch) - A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones. 

• Need for Affiliation (nAff) - The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. 

• Need for Power (nPow) - The need to have control or influence over others. 

What number do we use to classify genuineness in IQ scores?

130 and above

What’s another word for cognition?

Thinking

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems

What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

Spearman’s theory - Suggests that intelligence can be understood in terms of two key factors

• g factor - the ability to reason and solve problems, or (g)eneral intelligence

• s factor - the ability to excel in certain areas, or (s)pecific intelligence

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

• Triarchic theory of intelligence - Stenberg’s theory that there are three kinds of intelligences; analytical, creative, & practical

  • Analytical intelligence - the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem-solving

  • Creative intelligence - the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

  • Practical intelligence - the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful

What is emotional intelligence?

The awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled

What does the bell curve indicate about the population’s IQ scores?

• 68% - Between 85-115%

• 95% - Between 70-130%

• 99.7% - Between 55-145%

What are the stages of human sexual response?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (refractory period)

What were the Kinsey studies and what were it’s findings?

• The Kinsey studies were a series of sexual behavior surveys in the late 1940s and early 1950s, that revealed some highly controversial findings about the kinds of sexual behavior common among people in the U.S

• Some of its key findings:

  • Nearly 46% of males had bisexual experiences, between 6% and 14% for females

  • About 10% of males were predominantly homosexual, between 2% and 6% for females

What are paraphilias?

Sexual disorders in which the person’s method of sexual arousal is through sexual behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable.

• Ex) Pedophilia

• Ex) Frotteurism - sexually aroused through rubbing against someone nonconsensual

What does STI stand for?

Sexually-transmitted Infection

What does STD stand for and what are they?

Sexually transmitted diseases – can affect the sexual organs and the ability to reproduce and may result in pain, disfigurement, and even death

• common STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea

AIDS cannot be transmitted through which of the following; blood, vaginal fluid, tears, or breastmilk?

Tears