Chapter 10- Appraising qualitative designs and approaches

Emergent design

• evolves as Researchers make on going decisions about their data needs based on what they already learned

• ports the researchers desire to have the inquiry reflect the realities in viewpoints of those understudy

Characteristics of emergent design

• Flexible

•  benefits from ongoing data analysis to guide

•  often involves triangulating various data stores

•  tends to be holistic

•  requires researchers to be intensely involved in reflective

features of emergent designs

•  intervention, control, and blind thing

•  Comparisons

•  Settings

•  time frames

intervention, control, and blind thing

• Non-experimental

•  do not conceptualize their studies as having independent and dependent variables

•  rarely control the people or environment

•  blinding is rarely used

Comparisons

• typically do not plan to make group  comparisons

•  patterns emerge in the data suggesting  comparisons

Settings

usually naturalistic

time frames

• cross sectional or longitudinal

causality and emergent designs

•  Criticized as being not supportive of casual inferences

•  some argue It is Well Suited to understand casual relationships

•  these interpretations can be and often are subjected to more systemic testing using more controlled methods of inquiry

Ethnography

• Description and interpretation of a culture and cultural Behavior

•  involves extensive fieldwork

•  underlying assumption that every human group eventually evolves a culture that guides the members view of the world and the way they structure their experiences 

  • Strive to acquire an emic perspective

•  culture Behavior, cultural artifacts, and cultural speech  through observations, in-depth interviews, records, and other types of physical evidence

participant observation

make observations of the culture understudy will participating in its activities

ethnonursing research

the study and Analysis of the local or indigenous peoples viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures

Phenomenology

•  understanding people's everyday life experiences

•  assume there is an essence (an essential structure) that can be understood

• Main data source is in-depth conversations 

• Usually involved a small number of participants

Descriptive

•  careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life

•  Bracketing (identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon) (in reflexive journal), Intuiting ( researchers remain open to the meetings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it),  analyzing, and describing

Bracketing

identifying and holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon; in reflexive journal

Intuiting

researchers remain open to the meetings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it

Interpretive

• lived experience is inherently an interpretive process and understanding (herneneutics) is a basic characteristic of human existence

• Don't use bracketing

Grounded Theory

• accounts for people's actions from the perspective of those involved

•   identifies a mean concern or problem and then understands the behavior design to result (core valuable)

  • Ex. core variable:  basic social process

GT Methods

• problem and process used to resolve it emerge from the data and are discovered during the study

•  data collection, data analysis, and sampling of participants occur send you teniously

•  constant comparison:  used to develop and refine theoretically relevant Concepts and categories

•  end up interviews and participant observation

GT  alternate views

• Some think the purpose of grounded theory is to generate Concepts and theories that explain an account for variation in Behavior While others think it is aimed at describing the full range of behavior of what is occurring

•  Constructivist ground Theory

case studies

in depth investigations of a single entity or small number of entities

• Understanding why a person thinks, behaves, or develops in a particular manner rather than what is or her status or options are

•  issues with objectivity and generalizability

Narrative analysis

focuses on story as the object of inquiry to understand how individuals make sense of events in their lives

•  people most effectively make sense of the world and communicate these meanings by narrating stories

Descriptive qualitative studies

•  a naturalistic inquiry, content analysis, or thematic analysis of qualitative data

•  qualitative studies that do not have a formal name or fit into the typology

Critical theory

concerned with a critique of society and with envisioning new possibilities

•  Action-oriented

•  make aware of contradictions and disparities in Social practices and Inspire them to make changes

•  triangulate methods and emphasize multiple perspectives

critical ethnography

focuses on raising Consciousness in the hope of affecting social change

feminist research

similar to critical theory of research, but the focus is on General domination and discrimination within patriarchal societies

•  in depth, interactive, and operative individual or group interviews

participatory action research

based on The View that the production of knowledge can be used to exert power

•  in groups or communities that are vulnerable to the control or oppression of the dominant group

•  is not only to produce knowledge but also action, empowerment, and consciousness

• Interview, observation, storytelling, sociodrama, photography, and other activities