EXERCISE 2: Structures and Composition of Microorganisms

structures and composition

The ________ of microorganisms are relevant to bacteria/microorganisms because it is associated to their virulence and in order for them to thrive in a human host and eventually cause infection in that human host.

virulence

The structures and composition of microorganisms are relevant to bacteria/microorganisms because it is associated to their ____ and in order for them to thrive in a human host and eventually cause infection in that human host.

Virulence

Is the ability of the microorganism to cause infection/disease to a particular host like humans.

Structures

Are substances present in the organism that they utilize in order for them to cause infection to any human host.

Virulence mechanism

Describes on how that particular bacteria structure participates/enables the organism to cause infection/disease to any human host.

METACHROMATIC GRANULES

Granular Inclusion Bodies are also referred to as?

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Are accumulations of metaphosphate formed with the aid of energy yielding enzymatic reactions.

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Are usually found in the genus Corynebacterium in which Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Volutin granules of Babes Ernst) is one of the important member and the genus Mycobacterium in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (much granules) and leprae are important members.

Corynebacterium

Granular Inclusion Bodies/Metachromatic granules are usually found in the what genus?

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

They are irregularly-shaped circles/irregularly-shaped spheres (circular structures) present within the body of the organism.

Irregularly-shaped circles/spheres

_________ pertains to the granular term of the bacterial structure.

Inclusion

These irregularly-shaped circles/granules are found within or inside the body of the organism

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

They are known as metachromatic granules because it exhibits a special property called metachromasia.

metachromasia

Granular Inclusion Bodies are known as metachromatic granules because it exhibits a special property called ______.

metachromasia

Is a special property of granular inclusion bodies where it appears different color from that of the dye used to stain it.

methylene blue

The primary stain/dye used to demonstrate the granules/granular inclusion bodies is what?

purple/violet

Granular inclusion bodies when stained using methylene blue will appear what color under the microscope?

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

They are otherwise known as cytoplasmic granules/polar bodies.

cytoplasmic granules/polar bodies

Granular inclusion bodies/ metachromatic granules are otherwise known as what?

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Composition: accumulations of metaphosphates and polyphosphates

accumulations of metaphosphates and polyphosphates

Composition of granular inclusion bodies

acts as energy reserve for the organism

Virulence mechanism of granular inclusion bodies

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Virulence mechanism: acts as energy reserve for the organism

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Representative organism:

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium leprae

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium leprae

Representative organism of granular inclusion bodies

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Morphology: Chinese letter appearance

Chinese letter appearance

Morphology of granular inclusion bodies

Volutin granules of Babes Ernst/Babes Ernst granules

Specific name of metachromatic granules:

GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES

Stain: Acid-fast stain, Loeffler’s methylene blue (appearing as reddish blue)

Acid-fast stain, Loeffler’s methylene blue (appearing as reddish blue)

Stain of granular inclusion bodies

Flagellum

Singular form of flagella

FLAGELLA

Are very fine filamentous appendages that come out to the side of rod shaped bacteria.

FLAGELLA

Whip-like structure which acts as means for locomotion, it is composed of fibrous protein called, “flagellin”

flagellin

Flagella is a whip-like structure which acts as means for locomotion, it is composed of fibrous protein called what?

Mordant

Staining/demonstration of flagella needs a specific reagent.

bridge the color

The primary stain in the solution will pile up, the mordant will ____ of the primary stain in the solution to pile up in the flagella of the microorganism so that from a thin structure, once the primary stain is already piled up in the flagella structure, it will become thicker so that after the staining process, the thicker flagella becomes visible under the microscope.

FLAGELLA

Structure is hard to demonstrate because they are small measuring about 0.12m.

0.12 mm

Flagella’s structure is hard to demonstrate because they are small measuring about ___.

FLAGELLA

The method used to show it is to use tannic acid as a Mordant and swell up the bacteria under the right pH and then stain it.

tannic acid

The method used to show flagella is to use ____ as a Mordant and swell up the bacteria under the right pH and then stain it.

FLAGELLA

They are thin-like appendages/structures extending from the body of the organism.

1. the number of flagella present within the organism,

2. the location of the flagella in the body of the organism.

Flagella is classified according to two different criteria:

MESSEA’S Classification

There are 4 different classifications of flagella according to the main name of its classification, _______.

1. Monotrichous flagella

2. Lophotrichous flagella

3. Amphitrichous flagella

4. Peritrichous flagella

5. Atrichous - no flagella

4 DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLAGELLA:

Monotrichous flagella

Bacteria having one flagellum extending on one side of the organism.

Monotrichous flagella

Representative organism: Vibrio chollerae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Lophotrichous flagella

Tuft (bundle) of flagella extending only on one side of the organism.

Lophotrichous flagella

Representative organism: Bartonella bacilliformis

Amphitrichous flagella

One flagellum extending on both sides of the organism.

Amphitrichous flagella

Representative organism: Spirillum serpens

Peritrichous flagella

Abundant number of flagella scattered all throughout the body of the organism.

Peritrichous flagella

Representative organism:

• Escherichia coli

• Salmonella typhi

• Proteus vulgaris

• Proteus mirabilis

Atrichous

No flagella

Atrichous

Representative organism: Shigella sp.

FLAGELLA

Virulence mechanisms: motility of the organism, antigenic property

motility of the organism, antigenic property

Virulence mechanisms of flagella

FLAGELLA

Stain: Leifson’s stain and Gray’s stain

Leifson’s stain and Gray’s stain

Stain of flagella

Endospores

Spores are also referred to as?

SPORES

These are present especially those belonging to the genus Bacillus and genus Clostridium, the stained are in the bacteria.

Bacillus ; Clostridium

Spores/Endospores are present especially those belonging to the genus ____and genus ___, the stained are in the bacteria.

SPORES

It enables bacteria to change its color and is composed of calcium dipicolinates.

calcium dipicolinates

Spores enables bacteria to change its color and is composed of _____.

SPORES

It is important to physical and chemical agents for disinfections and has advantage of specificity over the vegetative cell and can be destroyed thru “autoclave”.

SPORES

Present only in bacilli.

Bacilli

Spores are present only in?

SPORES

Are found within the body of the organism (light shade in the body).

SPORES

Can be classified according to its location within the body of the organism

location

Spores/Endospores can an be classified according to its ___ within the body of the organism

Central

Oval spore in the center of the body of the organism.

Sub terminal

Oval elongated spores near the end of the body of the organism.

Terminal

Elongated or spherical spore at the end of the body of the organism, lollipop-shaped/drumstick appearance.

SPORES

Virulence mechanism: resists disinfection (enables the organism to resist physical agents of disinfection)

resists disinfection

Virulence mechanism of spores

SPORES

Stain: Writz, Gram, Dorner, Conklin, Schieffer; It is difficult to stain but once stained, it is difficult to decolorize

Writz, Gram, Dorner, Conklin, Schieffer

Stain of spores

SLIME LAYER AND CAPSULE

Elaborate mucilaginous substances, which are polysaccharide.

polysaccharide

Slime Layer and Capsule laborate mucilaginous substances, which are ____.

SLIME LAYER AND CAPSULE

They usually accumulate around the cell wall in varying amount.

SLIME LAYER

Small amount of these substances is incorporated as?

CAPSULE

But if they form definite layer called ___ that is associated with the virulence factor.

Negrosin

Detects capsule that produces semi-opaque background that makes the capsule visible.

Quellung Reaction

Another test used to detect capsule is the _____ wherein capsule is mixed with an antisera, after the ab-ag reaction it will swell.

slime layer ; capsule

Sarcina lutea have____ and S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae have ____.

SLIME LAYER AND CAPSULE

Composed of polysaccharides surrounding the microorganism present in different amounts.

SLIME LAYER

Is polysaccharide surrounding the microorganism present in little/scanty amounts

CAPSULE

Is polysaccharide surrounding the microorganism present in abundant/copious amounts

CAPSULE

Under the microscope, which is more apparent, the slime layer or capsule?

CAPSULE

Are water-soluble structures seen as unstained halo surrounding the microorganism’s body

SLIME LAYER

Virulence mechanism: adhesion/adherence/attachment mechanism

adhesion/adherence/attachment mechanism

Virulence mechanism of slime layer

CAPSULE

Virulence mechanisms: prevents phagocytosis (anti-phagocytosis) and anti-complementary

prevents phagocytosis (anti-phagocytosis) and anti-complementary

Virulence mechanisms of capsule

SLIME LAYER AND CAPSULE

Stain: Anthony stain, Hiss, Maneval’s stain

Anthony stain, Hiss, Maneval’s stain

Stain of slime layer and capsule