English Civil War
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371 Terms
What did James respond to the idea that the church should lose its episcopal structure for a Scottish-style Presbyterian restructure? (1604)
'No Bishop, No King!'
When was the Gunpowder Plot?
1605
Where was James more flexible when introducing the Book of Common Prayer in the 1610s?
Scotland
When did the Thirty Years' War begin?
1618
Who wrote the 'Protestation' in 1621?
Edward Coke
What was the 'Protestation' of 1621?
A constitutional document that defines Parliament's understanding of its relationship with the crown
When was the accession of Charles I?
1625
What did Charles strongly believe in?
The Divine Right of Kings
What was Tonnage and Poundage?
A tax on imports and exports (customs duty)
What did Charles expect to be granted by Parliament in 1625?
£1 million in subsidies and a lifetimes worth of Tonnage and Poundage
What did Parliament grant Charles in 1625?
Two subsidies (£140,000 and one year of Tonnage and Poundage)
When was the assassination of Buckingham?
August 1628
Who assassinated Buckingham? (1628)
John Felton
What tradition was Henrietta Maria criticised for by Prynne in his Histriomastix pamphlet?
Masques
When was the Forced Loan?
1626
What did Charles do before enforcing the Forced Loan in 1626?
He asked the country for a benevolence (very few volunteered money)
How did Charles collect the Forced Loan in 1626?
All liable were summoned to public meetings and asked to pay (made refusal to pay an open act of opposition)
Who refused to license the sermon written by Robert Sibthorpe which defended the Forced Loan?
George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)
When was the Five Knights case?
1627
How many gentry did the king order the imprisonment of during the Five Knights case 1627?
76 and the Earl of Lincoln
What was the reason for the Five Knights case 1627?
Refusal to pay the Forced Loan
What was the verdict of the Five Knights case 1627?
Charles could imprison without trial, those who refused to pay this PARTICULAR loan
What was the judgement changed to in the Five Knights Case 1627?
Charles had the GENERAL right to imprison without trial
Who changed the judgement in the Five Knights Case 1627?
Robert Heath
When was the York House conference?
1626
What writings did the York House conference focus on 1626?
'A New Gagg for an Old Goose' by Richard Montagu (was it in line with Anglicism)
When was the Mansfeld Expedition?
1624
What was the aim of the Mansfeld expedition 1624?
To provide military assistance to Frederick (Henrietta Maria's brother)
Why was the Mansfeld expedition a failure 1624?
Became marooned in the United Provinces where the soldiers wasted away through starvation and sickness
When was the Cadiz expedition?
September 1625
What was the aim of the Cadiz expedition 1625?
To send an invasion fleet to the Spanish port of Cadiz
Who led the Cadiz expedition 1625?
Buckingham
Why did the Cadiz expedition fail 1625?
Soldiers got drunk on Spanish wine
When was the attempted impeachment of Buckingham?
May 1626
Who led the attempted impeachment of Buckingham 1626?
Sir Dudley Digges and Sir John Eliot
What did the Earl of Bristol know that Charles had done while in Spain in 1623?
Bribed Spanish courtiers but had promised to offer concessions to English Catholics if the Spanish match was secured (this was used to accuse Buckingham of treason)
What happened to Eliot and Digges after they accused Buckingham of treason May 1626?
Imprisoned in the tower of London
When were the La Rochelle raids?
1627-28
Who led the La Rochelle raids 1627-28?
Buckingham
What was the aim of the La Rochelle raids 1627-28?
To relieve the Huguenots under attack by Richelieu's forces
Why did the La Rochelle raids fail 1627-28?
The English ladders were too short
How many men had died serving in Buckingham's forces 1624-1628
1/3 out of 50,000
Of 7833 soldiers sent to La Rochelle (1627-28), how many returned?
2989
When was the third Parliament recalled?
March 1628
What were Parliament's grievances in the Third Parliament 1628?
Billeting, taxation, martial law, Habeas Corpus
Who recommended a Bill of Rights 1628?
Sir John Selden and Sir John Eliot
When was the Petition of Right presented to the king?
1628
Why did the King accept the Petition of Right on 7th June 1628?
Parliament threatened proceedings against Buckingham
He was desperate for money
What did the Petition of Right include 1628?
Subjects could be taxed only by Parliamentary consent
Subjects could be imprisoned only if just cause was demonstrated in court
The imposition of billeting on the population was illegal
Imposition of martial law on the civilian population was illegal
What ancient document was the Petition of Right based on?
Magna Carta (1215)
Who produced a Remonstrance against Buckingham - condemning his military failures (1628)
Sir John Eliot
Why did Charles feel betrayed by the public in 1628?
Their public celebration of Buckingham's death
Why did leadership in the HOC become more radical in 1628
Wentworth moved into the king's service after the assassination of Buckingham so radicals such as Eliot, Pym and Holles took control of HOC
What were the two main grievances of the 1629 Parliament?
Tonnage and Poundage (Charles continued to collect it)
Religion (rise of Arminianism)
Who called out the Three Resolutions in 1629 while the speaker was held down?
Sir John Eliot
What were the Three Resolutions called out by John Eliot 1629?
Anyone who introduces innovation in religion is a traitor to the Kingdom and Commonwealth
Anyone who suggests or recommends Tonnage and Poundage or subsidies without Parliament's approval is a traitor to the Kingdom and Commonwealth
Anyone who pays subsidies (e.g. Tonnage and Poundage) is an enemy of England
When was the Personal Rule?
1629-1640
How many leading opponents did Charles have arrested for treason at the beginning of Personal Rule?
8 (including Sir John Eliot and Denzil Holles)
Who were the main Privy Councillors? (during PR)
Richard Weston
Lord Cottington
Henry Montagu (Earl of Manchester)
Sir Thomas, Lord Coventry
William Juxon
William Laud
Thomas Wentworth
Francis Windebank
How many members did the Privy Council have? (during PR)
~35
What were the limitations on the effectiveness of the Privy Council during Personal Rule?
Charles rarely attended (June 1630-June 1631 Charles only attended 3 times)
Charles allowed the Spanish Faction to gain influence (Catholic)
What were Charles' main methods of government during the Personal Rule?
Star Chamber
Court of High Commission
Regional Councils
Privy Council
Who pushed the 'Thorough' policy during the 1630s?
Laud and Wentworth
When was the Book of Orders issued? (12th revision)
1631
What did the 1631 Book of Orders do?
Reformed local government, more professional working practices for JPs (penalty added for non-compliance)
Who created the 1631 Book of Orders?
Henry Montagu
What were the main sources of revenue during the Personal Rule?
Customs duties (Book of Rates 1635)
Monopolies (e.g. Popish Soap)
Recusancy fines
Distraint of Knighthood
Wardships
Forest fines
Building fines
Enclosure fines
How much did 'Popish Soap' earn Charles during Personal Rule?
£33,000
How much did forest fines earn Charles during Personal Rule?
£38,667
How much did customs revenue increase 1631-1635 after peace with Spain and France (during PR)
£270,000
When did Charles first try to levy ship money?
1628
Why did Charles's attempt to levy ship money in 1628 fail?
Refusal to collect the tax (because Parliament had not endorsed it)
When did Charles levy ship money on costal towns?
1634
When did Charles extend ship money to the whole of England?
1635
What was Ship Money compliance initially at in 1635?
90%
How much did Charles raise from ship money per year?
£300,000 per year
When was the Hampden Case?
November 1637
What did John Hampden refuse to pay in 1637?
Ship money tax
How many judges concluded that ship money was unlawful during the Hampden Case in 1637?
5 out of 12
What had ship money compliance dropped to by 1639?
25%
When did Prynne have the tops of his ears cut off for attacking Henrietta Maria's court?
1634
When were all Scottish Bishops made JPs?
1634
When did Archbishop Spottiswoode become Lord Chancellor of Scotland?
1635
When did Bishop William Juxon become Lord Treasurer of England?
1636
When were all Scottish subjects told to kneel to take communion?
1629
When were new Scottish canons published based on the English canons?
1636
When did Laud re-issue the Book of Sports?
1633
When was the Abolition of Feoffees for impropriations?
1633
What were the three main Puritan opposition groups during the 1630s?
The Hampden Circle
The Puritan Pamphleteers
The Providence Island Company
Who were the main members of the Hampden Circle? (1630s)
John Hampden, Oliver St John, Robert Holborne
Who were the main members of the Puritan Pamphleteers? (1630s)
Prynne, Bastwick, Burton and Lilleburn
Who were the main members of the Providence Island Company? (1630s)
John Pym, Oliver St John, William Fiennes and Viscount Says and Sele
When did Wentworth become Lord President of the Council of The North?
1628
When was Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland?
July 1633
What were Wentworth's goals in Ireland? (from 1633)
Impose authority of English crown
Impose religious uniformity and conformity to the Laudian church
To make Ireland profitable
When was the 'Graces'?
1628
What were the 'Graces' 1628?
Agreement between previous Lord Deputy of Ireland and Parliament, in return for subsidies:
Recusancy fines not collected
Relaxation of Catholics in public office having to take the Oath of Supremacy
Guarantee of land titles over 60 years old
What was the outcome of the 'Graces' 1628?
Once Wentworth received the subsidies, the graces were not addressed again
What was the result of Wentworth returning to England in 1639?
Power vacuum
When did Wentworth return to England?
1639