PAT chapter 12 - in depth

We encounter pathogens every day; many of these communicable

diseases can be combated with a _____ _____ ______.

healthy immune system

The optimal way to help prevent the spread of infection is to treat all

patients...

as if they are carriers of hidden pathogenic microorganisms.

Your duty is to ensure your patients do not leave you..

less healthy

than when you first meet them.

An infection is a condition that results when...

microorganisms cause injury to a susceptible host.

A ______ can also cause disease.

parasite

Infectious diseases are spread from...

one person to another

Some microorganisms are helpful true or false

True

The pathogenicity of a certain microorganism can depend on what? (2)

The number and location of the microorganism.

Some microorganisms are helpful true or false

True

Infectious diseases form when a pathogen..

colonizes (inhabits) the body and subsequently causes disease.

Microbial intoxications form when a person..

ingests a toxin (poisonous substance) that has been produced by a pathogen in vitro (outside the body)

Most microorganisms require a certain amount of ____ or ____ to survive.

moisture or water

Some microorganisms, like bacteria, produce what?

spores

These spores are resistant to many attempted forms of destruction and because of this they remain...

dormant for a long period of time until optimal growth situations arise.

All microorganisms require (4) : Nourishment:

Nourishment: This may be found on contaminated organic matter. The right Temperature: Many require a normal body temperature to survive. Darkness: Pathogens may be destroyed by bright light, A neutral pH environment and one that provides plentiful oxygen.

_____ and ______ do not require oxygen to thrive.

tetanus and botulism

In order to be transmitted from the reservoir, the pathogen requires a...

portal of exit

Upon exit, it needs a mode of....

transmission

(Transmission) This is where the sonographer can..

break the chain with precautions based on these modes.

Modes include what 3 types of transmission?

contact (direct and indirect)

droplet

airborne transmission

Who can be a carrier?

Someone who appears to be asymptomatic may be a carrier.

Carriers have been colonized but..

show no signs.

The pathogen's portal of entry introduces it into another person true or false.

True

A susceptible host is a person whose body cannot do what?

cannot repel the pathogen

The cycle of infection and the modes of transmission Slide 8 (6)

1) Pathogen: A microbe capable of cause disease 2) Reservoir: A place where the pathogen can grow

3) Portal of exit: A way for the pathogen to leave the reservoir

4) Method of transmission: A way for the pathogen to get from one person to another

5) Portal of entry: A way for the pathogen to enter the new persons body

6) Susceptible host

The cycle of infection and modes of transmission (8)

Cup

eating utensils

blood transfusion apparatus

syringes needles and solutions

wound dressings

bedding

surgical equipment

stethoscope

The 4 stages of infection

Stage 1: Incubation—Pathogen enters the body and becomes dormant. Eventually, the person may start to exhibit symptoms of the disease. Stage 2: Prodromal—Explicit disease symptoms abound. The disease becomes highly infectious.

Stage 3: Full disease—Disease reaches full potential with distinct clinical features. However, some diseases may not produce symptoms while still producing damage. The disease remains very infectious. Stage 4: Convalescent—Symptoms dissipate. However, some diseases, like herpes and tuberculosis, can go through a dormant period, only to return again to produce symptoms.

Common communicable diseases (8)

Influenza (flu)

Measles (rubeola) Meningitis

Mononucleosis

Mumps

Rubella (German measles)

Tetanus

Varicella (chickenpox)

What is the mode of transmission for Influenza (flu)

Airborne droplet or direct contact with contaminated object

What is the mode of transmission for Measles (rubeola)

airborne droplets

What is the mode of transmission for Meningitis

Airborne droplets

What is the mode of transmission for Mononucleosis

Airborne droplets or direct contact with contaminated object containing saliva from host

What is the mode of transmission for Mumps

Airborne droplets or direct contact with contaminated object containing saliva from host

What is the mode of transmission for Rubella (German measles)

Airborne droplets

What is the mode of transmission for Tetanus

Direct contact with spores or infected animal feces

What is the mode of transmission for Varicella (chickenpox)

Direct contact or droplets

Without proper infection control, patients may contract..

nosocomial infections.

Healthcare-associated infections include what 3 things?

- Central line-associated bloodstream infections

- Ventilator-associated pneumonia

- Catheter

-associated urinary tract infections

Healthcare-associated infections are the most common type reported where on the patients?

Surgical site infections

Nosocomial infections are types of infections that are..

preventable

Nosocomial infections result from these 3 major contributing factors

1. Increased number of drug resistant pathogens. 2. Failure of healthcare personnel to follow infection control guidelines.

3. Increased number of immunocompromised patients

The most commonly reported healthcare- acquired infection is a..

urinary tract infection caused by the use of an indwelling catheter.

Always remember to place the urinary catheter bag where?

lower than the urinary bladder in order to prevent the spread of bacteria from the bag back into the urinary bladder.

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Some strains of staph have become resistant to what?

Previously uccessful treatments

Patients prone to these infections include who? (4)

- Those in nursing homes - on dialysis

- in intensive care

- on extended hospital stays

One in ___ people carry staph in their noses.

Three

___ in 100 people carry MRSA

2

VRE

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

This is a normal type of flora that can cause an infection if it enters the blood, urine, or a wound.

Who can easily spread the Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bacteria

Patients on bed pans

VRE may be resistant to..

normal hand-washing procedures because of this special contact precautions will be required.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

This is a spore-forming bacterium that releases toxins into the bowel.

C-diff is resistant to what and how can it be spread?

disinfectants and can be spread through casual contact.

What increases patient susceptibility to C-diff?

Long-term antibiotics destroy normal flora in the colon

Tuberculosis

This disease can affect the lungs as well as many other parts of the body.

How can Tuberculosis be in the early stage?

It can be asymptomatic in the early stage of the disease.

What happens if Tuberculosis is left untreated?

it can ravage the body.

Many healthcare facilities require use of ____ _____ for protection from airborne diseases.

special respirators

Sonographers in a patient care setting are required to have routine..

PPD tests

For Tuberculosis, some institutions may require you to be fitted for a..

N95 respirator face mask

What are the three most common bloodborne pathogens that put healthcare workers at risk?

-HIV

-HBV

-HVC

Typical exposure to bloodborne pathogens is via..

percutaneous injury or direct contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin.

Viral hepatitis can live within..

pooled, dried blood for more than a week

Viral hepatitis can lead to permanent..

liver damage.

___ are available for Viral hepatitis

Vaccines

For HIV and AIDS there are ___ phases of symptoms.

five

For HIV and AIDS at Phase 5, the person has a ___ % chance to live only __

more years.

90 and 3

For HIV and AIDS there is no current..

Cure

What are the 3 ways of transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace?

- Needlestick

- Cuts

- Splashes and sprays

Standard Percautions for the care of all patients (5)

- Wash hands

- Wear gloves

- Wear mask

- Wear gown

- Sharps disposal

______ ____ ____ is the primary mode of hand hygiene in the healthcare setting

Alcohol-based hand rub

For visibly soiled hands or when caring for someone with known infectious diarrhea, the CDC recommends..

washing with soap and water.

You should consistently consider the need to wash your hands throughout the day, including (7)

- Before and after every instance of patient contact

- After contact with blood or other body fluids

- After contact with suspected infectious material

- After invasive procedures

- After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose

- After using the restroom - Before going to lunch or break and leaving for the day

What device is typically available in patient care settings?

Wall-mounted alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer)

Personal protective equipment includes what 7 things?

gloves

masks

goggles

face shields

gowns

shoe covers

respirators

The form of Personal protective equipment depends upon...

the patient interaction.

Wear a clean pair of gloves to perform an examination and remember these 2 things

- Follow proper procedure for removing dirty gloves

- Wash your hands after removing gloves

With an isolation patient, you may need to wear a ___ or ___.

gown or mask

If body fluid spatter is possible, wear what 4 things?

GGME

gloves

a gown

a mask

eye protection

Along with a gown, the individual can wear what two things..

Goggles or a mask with a solid eye shield

You should always use standard precautions, such as wearing personal protective equipment, whenever..

contact with blood or other body fluids is possible

After washing your hands or using an ABHR(alcohol-based hand rub), you should always put on a pair of gloves before..

performing a sonogram even if the patient appears outwardly healthy

Gloving is a fundamental step that can be taken to prevent..

the spread of infection among you and your patients

Hospitals and other healthcare institutions should provide..

disposable, single-use gloves for those who may need to touch or interact with patients who may have communicable diseases

After each examination..

gloves should be removed, and your hands should be washed with soap and water or cleaned with an ABHR.

What are precautions?

These are measures used for controlling spread of infection based on known transmission mechanisms.

What are the 3 precautions:

- Airborne: (respiratory) Prevent spread of pathogens through the air.

- Droplet: (respiratory secretion) Block spread of pathogens transmitted through respiratory secretions.

- Contact: Prevent spread of pathogens by direct or indirect contact

Enteric precaution is a..

specific form focused on gi

It is your duty to know specific..

contact isolations and what PPE should be worn.

When you travel for portable sonography, stop and read the patient's..

isolation signs

These practices render an object or area free of ___ ____.

pathogenic microorganisms

Acronym used for contact precaution (6)

MRS WEE

(M) multi drug

(R) rsv (respiratory virus)

(S) skin infections

(W) would infections

(E) enteric infections (ex- c-diff)

(E) eye infection (ex-conjuctivitis )

Acronym used for airborne precaution (5)

My chicken has TB

(M) meseals

(C) chicken pots

(H) herpes zoster

(T) tuberculosis

Personal hygiene (3)

- Keep fingernails short and cover cracked or broken nails. - Wear minimal jewelry; avoid dangling jewelry.

- Keep hair short or wear it up.

- Wash your scrubs daily with hot water and detergent; wear them only at work.

Medical asepsis

keeping yourself clean.

Don't need to be sterile and wash hands like normal

Surgical asepsis

removal of all microorganisms

When cleaning equipment there are 3 levels of infection control you can conduct on a daily basis

SDT

- Sanitization: (lowest level) Includes use of soap or detergent, warm water, and manual friction.

- Disinfection: Includes use of disinfectants such as bleach or hydrogen peroxide.

- Sterilization: (Highest level) Involves the complete destruction of all microorganisms using an autoclave or a high-level chemical disinfectant (Use trophan to clean transducer)

Endocavity transducers must undergo a high-level___ ____.

disinfecting process

(Sterilization)

There are ___ units and ____ units for trophan

Wall / tabletop