Syntax Müller reading
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38 Terms
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Syntax
The study of how words combine into phrases and sentences and how sentence structure is organized.
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Grammar
A system of rules and principles that generates the well-formed sentences of a language.
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Grammaticality
Whether a sentence conforms to the rules of a grammar, independent of meaning or acceptability.
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Formal grammar
A grammar stated with explicit and precise rules and constraints.
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Grammatical theory
A coherent system of assumptions and mechanisms explaining sentence structure.
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Constituent
A group of words that functions as a single unit in sentence structure.
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Constituency test
A diagnostic method (e.g. substitution, movement) used to identify constituents.
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Substitution test
A constituency test where a group of words is replaced by a pronoun or pro-form.
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Movement test
A constituency test based on whether a group of words can move together.
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Coordination test
A test where similar syntactic units can be joined by conjunctions.
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Heuristic
A guiding diagnostic method that does not provide absolute proof.
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Syntactic category (part of speech)
A class of words defined by syntactic behavior and distribution (e.g. noun, verb).
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Distribution
The set of syntactic environments in which a word or phrase can appear.
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Head
The central element of a phrase that determines its category and syntactic properties.
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Phrase
A syntactic unit built around a head (e.g. NP, VP).
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Predicate
An expression, typically a verb, that assigns roles to its arguments.
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Argument
An element required by a predicate to complete its meaning.
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Valency
The number and type of arguments a predicate requires.
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Complement
An argument selected by a head to satisfy its valency.
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Adjunct
An optional modifier that adds extra information and is not selected by the predicate.
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Argument–adjunct distinction
The contrast between required elements (arguments) and optional modifiers (adjuncts).
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Grammatical function
The role a phrase plays in a clause, such as subject or object.
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Subject
A grammatical function often associated with agreement and clause structure.
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Object
A grammatical function typically associated with verbs and affected participants.
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Linear order
The surface sequence of words in a sentence.
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Topological fields
A model describing fixed linear positions in German clauses.
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Vorfeld
The preverbal field in German clauses, typically containing one constituent.
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Mittelfeld
The middle field in German clauses between verbal elements.
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Nachfeld
The post-verbal field in German clauses.
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Assumption
A foundational claim a grammatical theory takes for granted.
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Constraint
A condition that limits possible structures in a grammar.
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Prediction
A testable consequence that follows from a grammatical theory.
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Goal of Section 1
To establish shared terminology and concepts for comparing grammatical theories.
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Note 
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