1 nationalities and Russo-Polish relations

nationalities and russo-polish relations

great russia

aka muscovy - old principality with moscow at its centre

in the middle part of the nineteenth century the russian empire consisted of

great russia and the national minorities

main national minority groups were from: (context)

poland, finland, caucasus, central asia and baltic provinces

minorities made up how much of the empires population in the ukraine in russian census of 1897

55%

which national minorities remained fairy loyal to the both tsarist and communist rulers

finns, baltic germans and christian Armenians

what did all leaders (communist/tsar) aim to do

russify minorities

what happened in poland 1864

Milyutin plan

when was the polish revolt

jan 1863 - spring 1864

what happened in poland as a result of the emancipation of the serfs 1861

rise in polish nationalism, increased demand for political autonomy, education reform and debate over poland serfs emancipation

who was appointed prime minister of poland 1862 (until 1863)

wielopolski

what nickname did polish nationalists give wielopolski

tsarist lapdog

what did wielopolski push for but why were they limited (poland)

reforms - partial independense of poland with own national idenitty - done under russian approval n

how did wielopolski respond to his own and his viceroy’s assassination attempt by polish nationalists but what happened (poland)

introduced forced conscription of young male poles into the russian army - new recruits fled to the woods

how did the rebels threaten the stability of the polish government 1863

guerilla warfare

how was the polish revolt 1863-4 resolved

russian army stepped in - rebel leaders captured and executed

what did milyutin want in response to the 1863/4 revolt in Poland

polish gentry purged - believed they’d lost support of the countryside and conspired with peasants to bring down gov - russian officials should be brought in

who was milyutin

war minister of russia 1861-81

3 aspects of milyutin’s plan for Poland when he was given direct control

polish nobility exiled to siberia, polish peasants emancipated and rural district council set up

what did the emancipated peasants in poland gain when milyutin put his plan into action

freehold rights to allotted lands and paid for this through a reformed taxation system - property is redistributed

consequences of the milyutin plan for poland

nationalism diminished as well as level of autocracy before revolt, russian official language of governance, catholic church not allowed to communicate with the vatican

how was russian language introduced into poland after milyutins plans

official language of administration and governance, taught in schools to consolidate

how significant was poland as a russified state

fuelled russian industrialisation, polish socialist part formed 1890 - but nationalists re-emerged - national democrats group

when is the russo polsih war

1920

what provided poland with initial freedom from russia and what followed providing official independence

ww1 and the treaty of brest litovsk

impact of ww1 on russo polish relations

polish territory lost to germany, warsaw falls - freedom given in the treaty of brest litovsk 1918

impact of the russian polish war on russo polish relations

why does the russo polish war take place 1920

lenin wanted to promote a communist revolution in poland

3 reasons why poland was so important to russia throughout 1880-90s

buffer state, industrialised and wealth of resources and politicised country - concern for russia

what is the final outcome of the russo-polish war

armistice signed oct 1920

3 indications that poland was in danger from german invasion

neutrality pact 1933 russia and germany, germany expansionist policy policy 1933-38 and the anticomintern pact - alliance against communism

what was the nazi-soviet non-agression pact (august 1939) (poland)

pact to not invade each other if attacked - sent an assurance to poland that it wouldn’t be attacked from both sides

when is poland invaded by the nazis despite the non-agression pact

1 sept 1939

what did the anti-comintern alliance infer to poland

germany was considering a direct challenge to russian authority - or invasion - only poland stood in the way

term used by nazis (in german) to describe their expansionist foreign policy in 1930 (poland)

lebensraum

what did the non agression pact aug 1939 really imply for poland

the soviet union wouldnt interfere in a german invasion of poland

what 2 things ultimately gave germany a ‘green light’ to invade poland

non agression pact and appeasement policy

what happens to polish gov ww2

flees to london

what causes russia to cease ‘diplomatic relations’ with london poles

london poles demand investigation into katyn massacre - germans blame russian nkvd and visa versa

what suggested that post-war poland would be govered by russian sympathisers

russian offensive against germany 1944 and the establishment of the national liberation committee in lublin

how many polish officers corpses were found in a mass grave in a forest at katyn

4231

how did the russian offensive against german forces make relations between russia and poland worse

warsaw uprising - poles and polish home army pushback nazis - soviet army stopped at vistala river - dont help polish - soviets support communist gov- nlc

3 ww2 wartime conferences

yalta, potsdam and polish question

how many people were in the polish home army by 1944

300,000 men and women

what does yalta feb 1945 conclude

stalin demands russo-polish frontier established along curzon line and poland governed by soviet backed lublin style regime - UK US agree

what does potsdam july 1945 conclude

issue of poland western border - stalin persuade truman and churchhill to accept western demarcation at ‘oder-niesse line’, inside germany

what is the polish question

what should be done with poland

what happens to poland feb 1947

provisional constitution was instigated, set up council of state - dominated by polish workers party (PPR)

how did poland become dominated by the soviet union

council dominated by stalinist influenced PPR - one party state after rigged elections aug 1948, secret police, surveillance, deportations, trade unions banned, church reduced power, strikes put down and camps introduced

how many workers striked in 1950 and were quickly shut down

30,000

how did Khrushchevs desalinisation affect poland

khrushchevs secret speech provokes stalin politicians to be called to stand down supported by workers on strike 1956 removes stalinist policies, peasants leave farms and catholic churches teach religion

one way khrushchev agrees to workers demands (1956)

oct wladyslaw gomulka released from prison to lead poland

krushchev & poland

general easing of control over the polish people compared to highly oppressive stalinist rule

russification

the process whereby non-russian regions were drawn securely into the framework of the empire

how was russification administered and integrated across states

imposed language, education system, religion and culture

what started russification

the polish revolt of 1863

5 russified groups of people/ states

finland, the baltic provinces, ukraine, the caucasians and the jews