bio chapter 1 &2

biology

the scientific study of life

life is recognized by its properties?

order, reproduction, growth, and development, response to the environment, energy processing regulation, evolution

human muscular system

accounts for the function of movement, helps maintain posture

order

living things exhibit highly organized structures

ex- agave plants has fleshy tissues that allows it to retain water and tolerate dry conditions allows them to process photosysynthesis

reproduction

organisms (living things) reproduce their own species

growth and development

DNA controls the specific growth and development patterns of different organism

\-those patterns involve the transformation of the different organisms will go through to become an adult organism

development

refers to the events involved in an organism’s changing from a simple to a more complex or specialized form

energy processing

organism take in energy and use it to support life activities

\-trees receiving solar energy

\-caterpillar consumes energy from a plant

regulation

control mechanisms to maintain a beneficial internal environment despite changes in the external environment

homeostatsis

state of balance or steady state

response to the environment

organisms respond to environment stimuli

evolutionary adaptation

inherited characteristics that allow an organism to be better suited to its enviornment

\-red pandas have adapted fur that helps survive

two additional common properties shared by all living things?

\-all living things are made of cells one or many

\-all things classified as living have DNA as their genetic material

eukaryotic cells

\-are larger than proyarotic cells and more complex

\-their dna is surrounded by membrane( nuclear mebrane)

\-have internal membrane bound compartments ( organelles)

prokaryotic cell

\-smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells

\-DNA is not surrounded by a membrane

\-do not have internal membranes bound compartments (organelles)

DNA

carries all genetic information of a cell

\-dna contains instructions that allows cell to function

domain

highest and broadest category of biological classification ( contains the most organisms)

what are the three domains

domain bacteria

domain archea

domain eukarya

the genetic dna evidence indicated that there are two different groups of prokaryotic organisms. These two groups are the ?

domain bacteria and archea

the genetic evidence also indicated that all the organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (protist, fungi, plants, and animals) are genetically related. These organisms are grouped in the ?

domain eykarya

the genetic evidence indicated that all living organisms( the organisms in the three domains of life) are ?

genetically related ( have common ancestors)

domain bacteria

\-domain bacteria consist of prokaryotic cells, unicellular cells, and microscopic organism.

\-bacteria are the most widespread of the prokaryotic cells. It can be found in soil/body of water, animals, plants

\-bacteria has diverse ways of obtaining energy and nutrients. Some bacteria obtain energy from photosynthesis/carbon containing chemical

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domain archea

prokaryotic, unicellular, microscopic organisms

what characteristics do the organisms in the domain archea share with the organisms in the domain bacteria?

\-Archea have unique characteristics that distinguish them from the other two domains of life

\-many members of the domain Archea survive in the environment that are extreme to other living organism.

domain eukarya

\-all organisms composed of eukaryotic cells belong to this domain

\-the domain contains unicellular and multicellular organisms

\-the domain eukarya includes (protist, fungi, plantae, animalia

protist

\-the most diverse group of the eukaryas

\-unicellular

\-protist includes protozoans and algae

\-found in aquatic habitats

algae

make own food by photosynthesis

protozoans

obtain food and energy from ingesting organisms

kingdom fungi

\-plants are multicellular eukaryotes

\-plants make there own food by photosynthesis

\-plants cells have walls made up of cellulose that are external to the plasma membrane

kingdom plantae

\-eukaryotic organism-includes yeasts( unicellular), molds (multicellular) and mushrooms ( multicellular)

\-fungi are mostly decomposers -acquire food by absorption

kingdom animlia

\-animal are multicellular and eukaryotic organisms

\-animals obtain food by ingestion

\-animals cell lacks cell walls

biosphere

includes all ecosystems on earth/all physical componets in which they react

ecology

studies interactions of organisms and their enviornment

organ and organ system

body parts that perform a specifc function

tissue

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

organelle

a membrane enclosed functional structure in a cell

* organelles and molecules contribute to the properties of life of cells but DO NOT exhibit all properties of life

molecules

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

population

all individuals of a particular species living in a community b

biosphere vs ecosystem

biosphere contains all ecosystem of earth and ecosystems include components cell in which they interact

cell

the fundamental and structure in a cell

emergent properties

\-new properties that arise with each step upward lifes levels of organization from molecules to the biosphere

ex- dna by itself cant finalize you have to put everything together to function

sciecne

a word from the latin meaning to know

key characteristics of the process of science

\-evidence based

\-objective

\-systematic ( organized , local)

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation

characteristics for a hypothesis

\-testable

\-falsifiable

oberseravtion

process of science based on observations (flashlight doesnt work)

question

why doesnt the flashlight work( gather information)

hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observation it is started as an answer to the question

the batteries are dead

prediction

the expected result of the test or experiment if the hypothesis is valid

results

the flashlight still doesnt work after the batteries were inserted

conclusion

states whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected by the results

what is the difference between theory and hypothesis

theory = the observation/ evidence. Its supported by large bodies of evidence that overall points to the same conclusion

hypothesis- narrow in scope, and is supported by evidence from a defined set of experiments

variables

factors that change in an experiment

independent variable

the variable manipulated by the investigator in an experiment( the batteries)

dependent variable

the variable measured in an experiment

a control experiment

one that compares an experimental group or sample to a group or sample

controlled experiment

an experiment in which an experimental group with an control group

control group ( control)

sample treatment or group not exposed to the factor being tested

The forming and testing of hypotheses in science is influenced by?

* exploration and discovery
* feedback from scientific community'
* societal benefits and outcome

unity of life

\-lifes common properties

\-all living things are made of cells

\-all living things have DNA as their genetic materials

diversity of life

\-organisms may share common traits but exhibits variations

what is darwins ideas of descent with modification

\-organism exhibits similarities , but also variations over generations

\-the similarities among organism are explained by common ancestry

\-the accumulation of variations over generations makes current day organisms different from their ancestor

artificial selection

domesticated plants and animals are selectively bred to promote the occurence of desirable traits

role of DNA in cells

it has instruction to make protein

roll of proteins in cells

responsible for all the work of a cell (carrys out activities and process of life)

one dna molecules=

one double helix ( two strands/ chains of nucleotides)

genes

segments of dna that contain the instruction to make protein;the basic units of inheritance

gene expression

describe the process in cells by which information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

signaling information

information from the enviornment both internal and external affects genes expression

what are the structures( components and their arrangement) of living organism fit with their function

* the relationship between structure and function can be observed at different levels of biological organizations from molecules to the biosphere

what are the two main processes that occur in ecosystems

\-cycling of matter

\-flow of energy

producers

consumers

decomposers

plants

animals

worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space ( composed of elements)

element

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means

compound

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

trace elements

an element that is essential to life but required in minute amount

ex- iron, needed in human body

atom

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

atoms are composed of subatomic particles called?

proton

neutron '

electron

proton

subatomic particles with a single positive electrical charge

locations- nucleus of an atom

neutron

subatomic particle with no charge or electrically neutral

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electron

subatomic particles with single negative electrical charge

atomic number

number of protons of an atom

what is the equation for finding how many neutrons an atom has

\#of neutrons= Mass number- atomic number

isotopes

forms of an element with the same number of protons, but different number of neurons

(same atomic number but different mass numbers)

radioactive isotopes

an isotope that decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

basic research

used as tracers to follow molecules as they undergo changes within an organism

medical diagnosis and treatment

used to tag chemical that accumulate in specific areas of the body

dangers to radioactive isotopes

The dna in cells can be damaged by the particles and energy emitted from radioactive isotopes

electron shell

energy levels at a characteristics distance from the nucleus of an atom

chemical bonds

attration between two atoms which result in each having a full outermost electron

molecule

forms when two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

electronegativity

a measure of an atoms attraction for shared electrons in a covalent bond

non polar covalent bond

when the two atoms in a covalent bond have the same or similar electronegativity, they form nonpolar covalent bonds

polar covalent

when one of the atoms in a covalent bond has greater electronegativity than the other

cohesion

tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together

adhesion

tendency of two kinds of molecules to stick together

surface tension

a measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid

evaporative cooling

process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evporation

solution

a liquid that is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solute

substance that is dissolved by the solvent in a solution