BIOLOGY P2- [General Biology]

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Toxonomic Classification [8]

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

Prokaryotes belong to kingdoms ___[2]

• Fungi

• Protista

• Plantae

• Animalia

Eukaryotes belong to kingdoms __[4]

• Nuclear membrane present

• Multiple, not ring-shaped chromosomes consist DNA with associated proteins

• have centromeres

• Membrane-bounded organelles present

• Great capacity to differentiate in structure

• function with multicellular bodies

• Make up bodies of protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Eukaryotes Characteristics [7]

• Lack nuclear membrane

• circular, ring-shaped chromosome consists only of DNA without associated proteins,

• lacks centromere

• Absent Membrane-bounded organelles (e.g. mitochondria)

• Lack capacity to differentiate into specialized tissues in multicellular organisms

• Occur only as bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Prokaryotes Characteristics [5]

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Nuclear membrane present

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Multiple, not ring-shaped chromosomes consist DNA with associated proteins

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] have centromeres

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Great capacity to differentiate in structure

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] function with multicellular bodies

Eukaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Make up bodies of protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Prokaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Lack nuclear membrane

Prokaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] circular, ring-shaped chromosome consists only of DNA without associated proteins,

Prokaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] lacks centromere

Prokaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Membrane-bounded organelles (e.g. mitochondria) absent

Prokaryotes

[PROKARYOTES or EURKARYOTES ] Occur only as bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

flagella

What do Prokaryotes have that Eurkaryotes don’t have____ ?

Flagella

Prokaryotes use this for locomotion and movement

• cell wall

• central vacuole

• chloroplast

• Microtubule Organizing Center [MTOC]

What PLANT CELL have that ANIMAL CELL don’t have [4] ?

• lysosome

• centrosome

What PLANT CELL don’t have that ANIMAL CELL have [2] ?

Plant Cell

[Plant / Animal Cell] _____ - have cell wall

Animal Cell

[Plant / Animal Cell] _____ - don’t have cell wall

Plasma membrane

[CELL STRUCTURE] ___- membrane that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

Plasma membrane

[CELL STRUCTURE] ___- site of signalling

Fluid Mosaic Model

_____ - model have hydrophilic head and chain

Nucleus

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____-- Area where the most of the genetic material is organized and expressed

Nucleus

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____ - DNA replication occurs here

Nucleus

[CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - controls the activities of the cell

Nucleolus

[CELL STRUCTURE] -_____ site for ribosome unit assembly

DNA

[CELL STRUCTURE] ____- encoding of hereditary information

Nuclear envelope

[CELL STRUCTURE]____ - Double membrane that encloses the nucleus

Chromatin

[CELL STRUCTURE] _______- A complex of protein and DNA

Mitochondrion

[CELL STRUCTURE]

► site of ATP synthesis and cellular respiration

►Powerhouse of the cell

Rough ER

[CELL STRUCTURE]

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• _______[Smooth/Rough ER] - site of protein sorting and secretion

Smooth ER

[CELL STRUCTURE]

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• ______ [Smooth/Rough ER] site of lipid synthesis and CHO

Nuclear pore

[CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus

Centrosome

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____ -site where microtubules grow and centrioles are found

Ribosome

[CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - site of polypeptide synthesis and is located in Rough ER

Golgi appratus

[CELL STRUCTURE] ________ - Site of modification, sorting , and secretion of lipids and proteins

Golgi appratus

[CELL STRUCTURE] ________ -- final modification of proteins, sorting, synthesis & transport & packaging

Cytoskeleton

[CELL STRUCTURE] _______ - Protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement

Peroxisome

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- Site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules ( Eg. Toxins) are broken down

Peroxisome

[CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - play an important role in beta oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids, degradation of phytanic acid by alpha-oxidation, degradation of hydrogen peroxide

Lysosome

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____ - Where macromolecules( Eg.carbohydrates,proteins) are degraded

Lysosomes

[CELL STRUCTURE] _______- intracellular digestion

Centrosome

[CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - regulates the cell division via assembly of microtubules (spindle fibers)

Cell wall

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Structure that provides cell support

Cell wall

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ____ - for Protection

Chloroplast

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ____ - Site of starch storage

Cytosol

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Site of many metabolic pathways

Central vacuole

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Site that provides storage

Central Vacuole

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - increase cell surface area, storage

Central vacuole

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ______ - Site for the regulation of cell volume

Photosynthetic pigment

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ___ - light energy conversion

Cytoplasm

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- transport substances

Nucleus

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- Replication of DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum ( Smooth and Rough ER )

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- Synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins

Golgi apparatus

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- Modification , sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids

Lysosome

[ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE] _____- Digestion of substances inside the cell

Peroxisome

[ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE] _____- oxidation of molecules

Ribosome

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- synthesis of proteins

Mitochondria

[CELL STRUCTURE] _____- synthesis of ATP (for energy) for aerobic respiration

Chloroplast

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] _____- ATP synthesis by photosynthesis

►Lysosomes

►Centrioles

PLANT CELL lacks ___ and ____

► outer cell wall

►vacuole

►chloroplasts

PLANT CELL unlike ANIMAL CELL , have: [3]

• ______ ; strcuture that provides support to the cell

• ____; that functions in storage, digestion, and cell volume;

• ____; which carry out photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ___ - Present in Bacteria (Peptidoglycan), Plant (Cellulose) and Fungi (Chitin)

Nucleus

[CELL STRUCTURE] ____ is generally present in eukaryotes but absent in prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

[CELL STRUCTURE] Smooth ER and Rough ER are Present only in ____ [eukaryotes / prokaryotes]

• Golgi body/ apparatus

• Lysosomes

• Mitochondrion

[Cell Structure] _____ -These organelles are present in all eukaryotes and absent in prokaryotes [3]

Chloroplast and Central Vacuole

[PLANT CELL STRUCTURE] ____ - [2] mostly present in plants

peroxisome

[CELL STRUCTURE]

• ____ [lysosome / peroxisome] present in most eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton

[CELL STRUCTURE]

• found in animal cells

• replaced by MTOC (micro-tubule organizing center) in plants

• flagellum

• cilium

[CELL STRUCTURE]

• ______- [2] use for movement

eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton is present in most____[prokaryotic/ eukaryotic cell]

d. Cell X is eukaryotic cell while Cell Y is as prokaryotic cell.

1. A cell biologist is observing two types of cells, labeled as X and Y. Cell X has membrane-bound organelles, DNA arranged in double helices and a distinct nucleus. Cell Y has circular DNA, and no distinct nucleus. Based on these observations, what type of cell are Cells X and Y?

a. Both Cells X and Y are prokaryotic cells.

b. Both Cells X and Y are eukaryotic cells.

c. Cell X is prokaryotic cell while Cell Y is as eukaryotic cell.

d. Cell X is eukaryotic cell while Cell Y is as prokaryotic cell.

b. It encloses the cytoplasm

2. Which of the following is the function of the plasma membrane?

a. It controls the activities of the cell.

b. It encloses the cytoplasm.

c. It surrounds the nucleus.

d. It supplies energy for the cell.

d. Mitochondrion

3. Which feature is present in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells?

a. DNA

b. Ribosome

c. Nucleolus

d. Mitochondrion

b. synthesis of phospholipids and carbohydrates

4. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

a. modification and glycosylation of proteins

b. synthesis of phospholipids and carbohydrates

c. site of ATP synthesis

d. intracellular digestion

c. centrosome

5. Which organelle has a function related to cell division?

a. lysosome

b. ribosome

c. centrosome

d. nucleosome

• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

Types of Transport Across Membrane [2]

Passive Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - net movement of ions or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Passive Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - movement is through the gradient to reach equilibrium

Passive Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - do not require use of ATP (energy)

Example: Loop transporter , amino acid transporter

Simple Diffusion

PASSIVE TRANSPORT:

• ____ -net movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

  • Example : oxygen, nitrogen , carbon dioxide , lipid, hormone ,anesthetic drug

• Simple Diffusion (semi-permeable membrane)

• Facilitated Diffusion (with the use of protein channels)

Type of Diffusion [2]

Simple Diffusion

[Type of Diffusion] _____ - do not need carrier protein

Facilitated diffusion

[Type of Diffusion]

_____

• “Carrier mediated transport”

• Need a carrier protein

• Primary Active Transport

• Secondary Active Transport

Types of Active Transport [2]

Primary Active Transport

[Types of Active Transport] _____ - require ATPase Pump

Example: Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump

Secondary Active Transport

[Types of Active Transport] ______ -- do not require ATPase Pump

Example: Sodium Calcium Exchange

Active Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - net movement of ions/molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

Active Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - movement is against the gradient

Active Transport

[KIND OF TRANSPORT] ____ - requires the use of ATP (energy)
Example: Sodium-Potassium Pump

Osmosis

PASSIVE TRANSPORT:

• ___- net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

Osmolarity

______ - is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

NOTE:

• more osmotically active particle in solution = more it attracts water

• water undergoes OSMOSIS from HYPOTONIC TO HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

Hypertonic Solution

[Hypo / Iso / Hypertonic Solution ] ?????

______ - solution have the most osmotically active particles

Lysed

[Effect of Osmosis on Animal Cell]

• Hypotonic solution (lower solute level) = ____

Normal

[Effect of Osmosis on Animal Cell]

• Isotonic solution ( equal solute levels) = _____

Shriveled

[Effect of Osmosis on Animal Cell]

• Hypertonic solution ( higher solute levels) = _____