Chapters 1,2,3 in Psych. Exam 1 review

The fundamental unit of the nervous system is___. (Ch. 3)

Neuron

Which 1 is a type of neuron? (Ch.3)

Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons), Motor Neurons (efferent neurons), interneurons

The part of the neuron that receives info from other cells is the ___. (Ch. 3)

interneurons

The long extension from the cell body whose function is to transmit info to other neurons is__. (Ch. 3)

axon

The part of the neuron that is a fatty layer, that is wrapped around the axon, and that increases the speed of transmission is the____. (Ch. 3)

myelin sheath

Multiple Sclerosis is a disorder that involves problems with___. (Ch.3)

myelin sheath on large clusters of axons

The gap or space between neurons is referred to as a(n)___. (Ch. 3)

synaptic cleft

Spreading voltage changes that occur when one neuron stimulates another is a(n) ___. (Ch. 3)

graded potentials

Which of the following is a characteristic of a graded potential? (Ch. 3)

2 chara: 1. Their strength diminishes as they travel along the cell membrane away from the source of the stimulation. 2. Potentials are cumulative or additive

Which of the following is associated with "firing" of the neuron? (Ch. 3)

action potential

The part of the axon that involves small sacs that contain neurotransmitters is called___. (Ch. 3)

synaptic vesicles

____ are chemicals that transmit information from one cell to another. (Ch. 3)

neurotransmitters

___neurotransmitters depolarize the postsynaptic membrane. (Ch. 3)

excitatory

___neurotransmitters increase the polarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (Ch.3)

inhibitory

Inhibitory neurotransmitters (do what) ___. (Ch. 3)

increase the polarization of the postsynaptic membrane

The neurotransmitter that has the capability of exciting nearly every neuron in the nervous system and appears to be involved in learning is____. (Ch.3)

glutamale

GABA is a(n)____(what kind of neurotransmitter) (Ch.3)

widespread,inhibitory role

The neurotransmitter that regulates anxiety and that is used by about one-third of all the neurons in the brain is___. ) (Ch.3)

dopamine

Memory & learning are associated most with which neurotransmitter? (Ch.3)

acetylcholine

Chemicals that elevate mood and reduce pain are referred to as ___. (Ch.3)

endorphins

Narcotics work because they are chemically very similar to ___. (Ch. 3 )

endorphins

Basic life processes are in the control of what part of the nervous system? (Ch.3)

autonomic nervous system

In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands of the body secrete "emergency" hormones while the ___nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight. (Ch. 3)

sympathetic

An angry student comes at me with a knife. I take it that they aren't happy with their grade. What part of the automatic nervous system is involved? (Ch.3)

sympathetic

This link between the spinal cord and the brain is involved in heartbeat, circulation, and respiration. This link is the ___. (Ch.3)

medulla oblongata

A car accident causes damage to a person's medulla oblongata. What is the person most likely going to be like? (Ch.3)

dead

All of the information that I see, hear,taste, and feel is processed by, and relayed to, the higher brain centers by the___. (Ch.3)

thalamus

The amygdala seems to be important in___. (Ch.3)

limbic system

When you study for an exam (i.e. when you try to intentionally store and recall information), you are making use of the _____. (Ch.3)

hippocampus

If you look at the brain, you will see that it is actually made out of two mirror image hempishperes that are connected by the____. (Ch. 3)

corpus callosum

As I watch the sun rise or as I look at a painting, the ___ lobe is the most active. (Ch.3)

occipital

I am thinking of all the things I have to accomplish today. The lobe associated with this ability is the same lobe that is helpful in studying, affects my interactions with others and is used when I think about concepts such has love and justice. (Ch.3)

frontal lobes

Listening to songs on the radio or to the sound of the ocean requires the use of which lobe? (Ch. 3)

temporal lobes

The part of the brain used in complex thoughts is the___. (Ch.3)

association areas

The surface of the cerebrum is called the ___. (Ch.3)

cerebral cortex

A theory is defined as a ____. (Ch.2)

a systematic way of organizing and explaining observations.

A hypothesis is best characterized as___ (Ch. 2)

a tentative belief or educated guess that purpose is to predict or explain the relationship between 2 or more variables

Any phenomenon that can differ, or ary, from one situation to another, from one person to another, or from one time to another, is called a(n)___ (Ch.2)

variable

Experiments should involve a ___, a subgroup of the population that is likely to be representative of the population as a whole. (Ch.2)

sample

Psychologists refer to those who participate in experiments as___. (Ch. 2)

subjects

__ refers to the ability to infer something about a larger population from the behaviors of a subset of that population. (Ch.2)

generalizability

A test or instrument that measures what it is supposed to measure possesses____. (Ch.2)

constructive validity

Validity is present when _____. (Ch. 2)

The measures it relies on are themselves valid.

I decide to simply describe behavior rather than to manipulate variables. Therefore, I should use which type of research? (Ch.2)

Descriptive research

Which of the following are types of descriptive research? (Ch.2)

case study,naturalistic observation, survey research, correlational

Researchers who study one person or maybe a small number of people in depth are performing what type of research? (Ch.2)

case study

A case study is____ (Ch.2)

an in depth observation of 1 person or a small group of individuals.

Which of the following is a limitation of the case - study method? (Ch.2)

limitations- generalizability to the population, replicability study may not be repeatable,researcher bias, Cannot establish causation

Case studies are thought to have a number of limitations. Which one of the following is a limitation according to your textbook? (Ch.2)

sample size

Jane Goodall's studies of apes in Africa is an example of the ____. (Ch.2)

naturalistic observation

A study of mine involves asking those who happen to pass by to answer a series of questions. What type of research a I doing? (Ch.2)

survey research

Subjects or participants for a study are typically selected (by what method)? (Ch.2)

random sample

Descriptive statistics (Define.)__. (Ch.2)

measures of central tendency, which provides an index of the way a typical participant responded on a measure

Psychologists refer to the ___, Which is just another name for the average. (Ch.2)

mean

The most common or frequently occurring score is referred to as the ___. (Ch. 2)

mode

A professor determines that the score of 78 occurs more often than any other score on the first exam. What measure of central tendency is the professor discussing? (Ch.2)

mode

If I found out that the difference between the highest and lowest score on an exam is 72, then 72 refers to the ____. (Ch.2)

range

The amount the average participant deviates from the mean is the ____. (Ch.2)

standard deviation

The average on the first exam in my class is 79.5% but the average student differs from that score by 8.2%. What does 8.2 represent? (Ch.2)

the 8.2% represents the average deviation of participants from the mean

___research primarily attempts to demonstrate cause and effect relationships among variables. (Ch.2.)

experimental

The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is referred to as the ____. (Ch.2)

independent

I vary the distance of a sound producing object and measure the ability of observers to accurately report the distance of the sound source. The distance of the sound source is what kind of variable? (Ch.2)

Independent variable

To take something that is unobservable (intelligence) and find a way of making it obserable and mearsuable by a set of actions mean to __that variable. (Ch.2)

operationlizing

To better study depression, I will count how long an individual walks with their head angled down toward the ground as well as the number of times the person talks when in social setting. I am thinking that the more depressed a person is, the more they will walk with their head down and the less they will talk to others. What I have done in this study is _____depression. (Ch.2)

Operationlized

To determine the effect of an independent variable, an experimenter will often include a ____in their study o as to provide a baseline from which to compare the experimental group. (Ch.2)

Control group

I think that playing music during an exam will help students to relax. My thinking is that if they are more relaxed, then they will perform better. One class gets to listen to rap, another to classical, another to country western, another to easy listening. I need one more group. What is it? (Ch.2)

Control group - someone who listens to nothing

A control group provides___. (Ch.2)

Performance of participants who have not been exposed to the experimental conditions gives researchers a clearer view of the impact of the experimental manipulation.

In a single-Blind experiment, who is kept blind to crucial information, such as which condition an individual has been assigned to? (Ch.2)

The participants that are condition to which they are being exposed.

In a double- Blind study, in addition to the participants, who else is prevented from knowing crucial information? (Ch.2)

Both participants and the researchers who interact w/ them are blind to who has been exposed to which experimental condition until the research is completed

If I perform statistics on the data that I have gathered, and those statistics merely summarize the findings, I must have used___. (Ch.2)

descriptive research

I have conducted an experiment and I want to know if the independent variable affected the dependent variable. What kind of statistics should I use? (Ch.2)

inferential statistics

If I want to draw a connection between cause and effect, to determine if the independent variable affected the dependent variable, which statistic should I use? (Ch.2)

inferential statistics

The probability that the findings I obtained at the end of my experiment are due to chance is referred to as ___. (Ch.2)

probability value

The symbol p<.05 means___. (Ch. 2)

p value

An experimenter determines that the probability value or p-value for her experiment is 0.0001. She can conclude that ___. (Ch.2)

It is statistically significant

To better help my students, I conduct an experiment examining the relationship between the students' average grade in the class (from 0 to 100) and the number of hours they spend socializing with friends. It is determined that the more hours that students socialize, the lower their grade. What kind of research is this? (Ch2,)

correlational research

A negative correlation between two variables suggests that a subject ___. (describe this performance.) (Ch.2)

his performance is high on one and the lower the other tends to be

A zero correlation suggest that__. (Ch.2)

the relationship is not linear, the correlation between the 2 variables approaches zero

I find out that there is absolutely no linear relationship between the size on one's head and that person's IQ. I have a ___ correlation. (Ch.2)

zero

Correlation coefficients vary from ___to ___. (Ch.2)

-1.0 to +1.0

Which one of the following can be a true or actually calculated correlation coefficient? (Ch.2) (group of numbers)

Correlation does not show__. (Ch.2)

imply causation

Know about Stanley Milgram study...(Ch.2)

Stanley Milgram (1963,1974) studies show how far people were willing to go on obeying orders

A person who pretends to be a subject in an experiment but is actually an accomplice of the exoerimenters is technically referred to as a(n) ____. ( Ch.2)

confederate

The variable measured by the experimenter is the___. (Ch.2)

dependent variable

I vary the distance of a sound producing object and measure the ability of observers to accurately report the distance of the sound source. The accuracy of the sound source is what kind of variable? (Ch.2)

dependent variable

Munchausen'a syndrome involves___. (Ch.1)

psychological illness that falls w/in the spectrum of factitious illnesses, in which ppl fabricate or induce illness in themselves

If a person is suffering from Munchausen's syndrome, in whom is illness being induced? (Ch.1)

themselves

If a person is suffering from Munchausen's syndrome in proxy, in who is illness being induced? (Ch.1)

others

A person who fabricates or induces illness in another person, such as their child is believed to be suffering from___. (Ch.1)

munchasen's syndrome by proxy

Psychology is the scientific study of ___. (Ch.1)

mental processes and behavior

Phineas Gage was ___ (who was he and why is he important). (Ch.1)

foreman on a railroad construction site. He is important because iron went straight to his head causing severe damage causing 180 personality change

Phineas Gage is useful to psychology because he exemplifies____. (Ch.1)

biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience

The idea that different parts of the brain control different aspects of functioning is referred to as____. (Ch.1)

localization of function

Know about the Jane Elliot experiment. Watch "a class divided" on youtube. (Ch.1)

she set up basically what had happened to the people in MLK days and segregated everyone.

Psychology initially arose from___. (Ch.1)

Philosophy

The first laboratory in psychology was founded in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879 by ____ (Ch.1)

Wilhelm Wundt

The preferred method of doing science, according to Wundt, was_____. (Ch.1)

scientific Methods

____ is the process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience. (Ch.1)

introspection

The idea that there are elements of human consciousness resulted in the development of a field of psychology called ___. (Ch.1)

structuralism