AP Biology Unit 2 Review

Anabolic Pathways

Consume energy to form complicated molecules from simpler ones.

Activation Energy

The investment of energy from the start of the reaction (the amount of energy required to start a reaction)

Catabolic Pathways

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Endergonic Reaction

Absorbs free energy (ex.- photosynthesis)

Exergonic Reaction

Releases energy (ex.- respiration)

Induced Fit

A change in shape of the active site of the enzyme so it binds more "snugly" to the substrate

Desmosome

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells functioning as anchors.

Hypertonic Solution

Contains more solute than the cell in the solution

Animal Cell in a Hypertonic Solution

The cell will lose water and will shrivel up (it will probably die)

Plant Cell in a Hypertonic Solution

The cell loses water and shrivels, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall (plasmolysis) and the plant will wilt.

Competitive Inhibitors

Resemble substrate, compete for admission into the active site, and can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration

Cytoskeleton

Located inside cell, attached to membrane. Used for transport/framework

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

Causes enzymes to change shape

Extracellular Matrix

Located outside cell and used mainly for framework

Glycoproteins

Covalently bonded carbs to proteins. Used for cell to cell recognition.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy that is transfered or transformed increases the amount of entropy (disorder) of the universe.

Glycolipids

Carbs that are covalently binded to the bilayer. Used for cell to cell recognition.

Simple Diffusion

Solutes move down their concentration gradients across the bilayer. Doesn't require energy or proteins.

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of polar molecules (or ions) through transport proteins (channel proteins). No energy needed.

Enzyme

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier.

Cholesterol

Used as a temperature buffer. Hydrophobic and embedded within the membrane

Active Transport

The pumping of a molecule against it's concentration gradient. Requires energy and a protein.

Denature

When an enzyme changes shape due to things like pH or temperature

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transfered or transformed

Mitochondria

Produces ATP

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis involving a larger substance engulfing a smaller one.

E.R.

Transports and directs proteins. Around the nucleus (in comparison to the golgi body)

Golgi Body

Modifies, distributes, packages, and ships proteins

Central Vacuole

Storage

Vesicle

Sacs made of membrane

Endocytosis

Cellular uptake of macromolecules by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround macromolecule to form vesicles

Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and are generally bigger.

Lysosomes

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest

Phospholipid Bilayer

Phosphate, hydrophilic heads.

Fatty acid, hydrophobic tails.

Selectively permeable.

Peripheral Proteins

Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Used for cell to cell recognition.

Integral Proteins

Spans the membrane. Used for transportation and cell to cell recognition.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Plasma Membrane

Regulates what enters and exits the cell

Nucleus

Contains genetic information

Choloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis

Exocytosis

Cellular secretion of macromolecules by a fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane

Animal Cell in an Isotonic Solution

No net movement of water (but it still moves). An ideal solution for an animal cell.

Plant Cell in an Isotonic Solution

Not ideal. The cell will become flaccid (limp).

Hypotonic Solution

Contains less solute than the cell.

Animal Cell in a Hypotonic Solution

Cell will gain water faster than it loses it and will eventually lyse (burst).

Plant Cell in a Hypotonic Solution

Wall will exert pressure on the cell. The cell is turgid and healthy.

Things Found in Prokaryotic AND Eukaryotic Cells (things found in all cells)

Ribosomes, Chromosomes, Plasma Membrane, and Cytoplasm

Components of a Cell Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

Osmosis

The facilitated diffusion of water