intro to crimj final exam- coastal carolina university

arson

the willful, malicious burning of a home, building, or vehicle

blue-collar crimes

traditional common-law theft crimes such as larceny, burglary, and arson

booster (heel)

professional shoplifter who steals with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise

booster box

device with a false bottom that can be opened and shut by a professional shoplifter, lined with metal or some other substance to prevent security tags from setting off alarms, placed over merchandise

burglary

entering a home by force, threat, or deception with intent to commit a crime

car cloning

using a vehicle identification number (VIN) from a legally registered car to hide the identity of a stolen vehicle for resale

chiseling

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis

compliance strategies

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the threat of economic sanctions rather than civil penalties to control potential violators, creating a marketplace incentive to obey the law

confidence game

a swindle, usually involving a get-rich-quick scheme, often with illegal overtones, so that the victim will be afraid or embarrassed to call the police

constructive possession

a legal fiction that applies to situations in which persons voluntarily give up physical custody of their property but still retain legal ownership

corporate (organizational) crime

powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that restrain these institutions from doing social harm or require them to do social good

criminal environment pollution

a crime involving the intentional or negligent discharge into the biosystem of a toxic waste that destroys plant or animal life

deterrence strategies

methods of controlling white-collar crime that rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would-be violators

economic crime

an act committed in violation of the criminal law for the purpose of monetary gain and financial benefits

embezzlement

taking the possessions of another (fraudulent conversion) that have been placed in the thief's lawful possession for safekeeping, such as a bank teller misappropriating deposits or a stockbroker making off with a customer's account

exploitation

forcing victims to pay for services or contracts to which they have a clear right

false pretenses (fraud)

misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a deceived victim to give money or property to the offender

fence

a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise

grand larceny

theft of money or property from substantial value, punished as a felony

green-collar crimes

crimes that damage the environment and violate laws designed for its protection

influence peddling

using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled

insider trading

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone who has a fiduciary interest in the company

larceny

taking for one's own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking into a person's home or workplace; simple theft

mark

the target of a con artist

merchant privilege laws

legislation that protects retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest or detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds

naive check forgers

amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture

occasional criminals

offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals but are willing to commit crime if the occasion arises

petit (petty) larceny

theft of a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

pigeon drop

a con game in which a package or wallet containing money is "found" by a con artist, and the victims are bilked out of money they are asked to put up as collateral

professional criminals

offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

sherman antitrust act

federal law that subjects to criminal or civil sanctions any person "who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy" in restraint of interstate commerce

shoplifting

the taking of goods from retail stores

situational inducement

short-term influence on a person's behavior, such as financial problems or peer pressure, which increases risk taking

snitch

amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use

systematic forgers

professionals who make a living by passing bad checks

target hardening strategies

making one's home or business crime proof through the use of locks, bars, alarms, and other devices

target removal strategies

displaying dummy or disabled goods as a means of preventing shoplifting

theft

the intentional taking, keeping, or using of another's property without authorization or permission

white-collar crimes

crimes of business enterprise such as embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

binge drinking

having five or more drinks on the same occasion (that is, at the same time or within a couple hours of each other

drug-dependent personality

a personal trait characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on mood-altering substances

moral entrepreneur

a person who creates moral rules, which thus reflect the values of those in power, rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

narcotic

a drug that produces sleep and relieves pain, such as heroin, morphine, and opium; a habit-forming drug

obscenity

material that violates community standards or morality or decency and has no redeeming social value

paraphilia

bizarre or abnormal sexual practices that may involve nonhuman objects, humiliation, or children

pornography

sexually explicit books, magazines, films, and DVDs intended to provide sexual titillation and excitement for paying customers

prohibition

the period from 1919 until 1933, when the eighteenth amendment to the united states constitution outlawed the sale of alcohol; also known as the "noble experiment"

prostitution

the granting of non marital sexual access for remuneration

public order crime

behavior that is outlawed because it threatens the general well-being of society and challenges its accepted moral principles

social harm

the injury caused to others by willful wrongful conduct

temperance movement

the drive to prohibit the sale of alcohol in the united states, culminating in ratification of the eighteenth amendment in 1919

victimless crime

public order crime that violates the moral order but has no specific victim other than society as a whole

atm skimming*

using an electronic device or camera on an atm that copies information from a bank card's magnetic strip whenever a computer uses the machine or photographs their key strokes

computer worms

programs that attack computer networks (or the internet) by self-replicating and sending themselves o other users, generally via email, without the aid of the operator

cyberbullying

willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text

cybercrime

the use of modern technology for criminal purposes

cyberespionage

efforts by intelligence agencies to penetrate computer networks of an enemy nation in order to steal important data

cyberspying

illegally using the internet to gather information that is considered private and confidential

cyberstalking

use of the internet, email, or other electronic communications devices to stalk another person. some cyberstalkers pursue minors through online chat rooms; others harass their victims electronically

cyberterrorism

internet attacks against an enemy nation's technological infrastructure.

cybertheft

use of computer networks for criminal profits. illegal copyright infringement, identity theft, and internet securities fraud are examples of cybertheft

cybervandalism

malicious attacks aimed at disrupting, defacing, and destroying technology

cyberwar

using cyberspace for acts of war, including spying and disrupting an enemy's computer network

darknet

computer network that can only be accessed using nonstandard communications protocols and ports, with restricted access that can only be opened with specific software configurations

denial-of-service attack (dos)

extorting money from an internet service user by threatening to prevent the user from having access to the service

etailing fraud

illegally buying and/or selling merchandise on the internet

identity theft

using the internet to steal someone's identity and/or impersonate the victim in order to conduct illicit transactions such as committing fraud using the victim's name and identity

logic bomb

a program that is secretly attached to a computer system, monitors the network's output, and waits for a particular signal such as a date to appear. also called a slag code, it is a type of delayed action virus that may be set off when a program user makes certain input that sets it in motion. a logic bomb may cause a variety of problems ranging from displaying or printing a spurious message to deleting or corrupting data

malware

a malicious software program

phishing

sometimes called carding or brand spoofing, phishing is a scam where the perpetrator sends out emails appearing to come from legitimate web enterprises such as ebay, amazon, or paypal in an effort to get the recipient to reveal personal and financial information

racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations (rico) act

federal legislation that enables prosecutors to bring additional criminal or civil charges against people whose multiple criminal acts constitute a conspiracy. rico features monetary penalties that allow the government to confiscate all profits derived from criminal activities. originally intended to be used against organized criminals, rico has also been used against white-collar criminals

spear-phishing

targeting specific victims, sending them emails that contain accurate information about their lives obtained from social networking sites, and asking them to open an email attachment from malware harvests details such as the victim's usernames and passwords, bank account details, credit card numbers, and other personal information

transnational organized crime

a criminal enterprise that involves the planning and execution of the distribution of illicit materials or services by groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country

trojan horse

a computer program that looks like a benign application but contains illicit codes that can damage the system operations. though trojan horses do not replicate themselves like viruses, they can be just as destructive

warez

a term computer hackers and software pirates use to describe a game or application that is made available for use on the internet in violation of its copyright protection

website defacement

a type of cybervandalism that occurs when a computer hacker intrudes on another person's website by inserting or substituting codes that expose visitors to the site to misleading or provocative information. defacement can range from installing humorous graffiti to sabotaging or corrupting the site