Reproductive System

Homologous structures

What is the term for reproductive structures of an embryo before differentiating into male or female?

Genital tubercle

What is the embryonic structures that develop into either the glans penis or clitoris?

Urogenital fold

What is the embryonic structures on either side of the genital tubercle that develops into either the shaft of penis, or labia minora?

Labioscrotal fold

What is the embryonic tissues that develop into either the scrotum or labia majora?

Urethral orifice

What is the external opening of the urethra?

Genetic gender

What type of gender is determined by genetics (XX female, XY male)?

Phenotypic gender

What type of gender refers to how the body physically appears as male or female regardless of XX/XY or gender identity?

Testis-determining-factor gene (TDF)

What is found on Y chromosomes that triggers the secretion of testosterone? (Presence of testosterone=male, absence=female)

Testosterone

What hormone is made by interstitial cells?

Gubernaculum

The testis are formed in the abdominal cavity, and descend into the scrotum via what connective tissue?

Cryptorchidism

What is it called when the testis remain in the abdominal cavity and do not descend into the scrotum? The result will be that the testis do not cool, and will not produce sperm

Tunica albuginea

What is the dense fibrous cover of the testis, that extends into septa and divides the testis into lobules?

Tunica vaginalis

What covers the tunica albuginea, and forms a parietal and visceral layer?

Cremaster muscle

What is the skeletal muscle, wrapped around the testis and spermatic cord, that tenses the scrotum?

Cremaster reflex

What is the reflex that responds to cold temperature by contracts cremaster muscle and brings testis closer to body for temperature regulation?

Spermatic cord

What is the column of fascia, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics connective tissue, and ducts that descend with the testes?

Vasectomy

What is this procedure?

Needle positioned to isolate vas deferens from surrounding tissue. Vas deferens clamped, segment removed, and remaining ends tied. Scrotum elevated to permit tied ends of vas to retract into original position.

two columns of corpora cavernosa, one column corpus spongiosum

What are the 3 columns of erectile tissue found in the penis?

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

What are the 3 accessory glands that produce 95% of semen?

Seminal vesicles

What gland produces 65% of the volume of semen? This gland mostly makes prostaglandins and fructose, and creates high pH to counteract the low pH of the vagina.

Prostaglandins

What is in semen that promote opening of cervix in female?

Fructose

What is found in semen that nourishes sperm?

Prostate gland

What gland produces 30% of semen?

Seminal plasmin

What is produced by prostate gland and has an antibiotic effect?

Citric acid

What is made by prostate to help keep sperm healthy and functional?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

What helps to liquify semen after ejaculation so that the sperm can swim more easily through it?

Bulbourethral gland

What small gland produces 5% of semen, secreting a thick alkaline mucus that neutralizes acids and provides lubrication?

Spermatogenesis

What is the term for the process of producing sperm, which takes 4-5 weeks?

Spermatogonium

What is the earliest germ cell in testes that eventually becomes sperm, and is the starting point of spermatogenesis?

Spermiogenesis

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis, where immature sperm cells (spermatids) transform into mature, motile sperm (spermatozoa)?

Meiosis

What is cell division that reduces chromosome number by half?

Spermatids

What are the immature sperm cells that do not have tails, and result from meiosis of spermocytes?

Seminiferous tubules

What is found in testis, and drain into a maze of passageways called the rete testis?

Spermatozoa

What is the name for a mature sperm cell?

Sustentacular cell

Spermatogenesis takes place in the cytoplasm of ________ ________. Sperm matures within these large cells, so they're protected against the immune system of male.

Acrosomal cap

What's located on sperm cell's head, and has a high concentration of enzymes that help beat through the outer lining of the oocyte so that sperm can release it's DNA into the oocyte?

Spiral mitochondria

What is found on the midpiece of a sperm cell that makes the sperm swim?

Head

Only the contents of the sperm's ________ go into the oocyte at fertilization. The male does not contribute any mitochondria to the zygote, as the mitochondria is only found on the sperm's midpiece.

No

Can an immature spermatoza swim?

Seminiferous tubules

After sperm is created by interstitial cells, where does it go?

Straight tubules

After the semineferous tubules where does sperm go?

Rete testes

After straight tubules where does sperm go?

Efferent ductules

After rete testes where does sperm go?

Epididymis

After the efferent ductules where does sperm go?

Epididymis

At what point do sperm become mature?

Vas deferens

After sperm mature in the epididymis, where does it travel?

Seminal vesicles

After the vas deferens, where does the sperm go?

Ejaculatory duct in prostate

After the seminal vesicles, where does the sperm go where it becomes semen and more semen is added?

Bulbourethral gland

After the prostate gland, where does semen travel?

Urethra

What does semen exit the body through?

2 weeks

How much time do sperm spend maturing in the epididymis?

Ovaries

Where are gametes (oocytes) and hormones produced in females?

Germinal epithelium

What is the the layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that covers the ovary (aka visceral peritoneum)?

Tunica albuginea

What is the dense connective tissue just under the germinal epithelium?

Cortex

What is the outer layer of an ovary where production and maturation of gametes occurs?

Medulla

What is the inner layer of an ovary that carries the blood vessels?

Mesovarium

What is the ligament that supports and suspends ovary?

Primary follicles

What has a single layer of granulosa cells, and contains primary oocyte?

Secondary follicles

What has multiple layers of granulosa cells and contains a primary oocyte?

Vesicular follicle

What is the mature follicle that contains a secondary oocyte, and releases this oocyte at ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What is the secretory follicular remnant that secretes progesterone and estrogen?

Corpus albicans

What is the fibrous follicular remnant (a scar) that the corpus luteum becomes?

Oogenesis

What is the process by which female gametes (ovum) are created?

True

True or false: oogenesis begins in utero, and before birth a female has already made all her oocytes

Gamete

What is the name for sex cells (sperm or egg) that have 23 chromosomes?

Ovum

What is the name for a mature female gamete?

Diploid cells

What is the name for all body cells that have 46 chromosomes?

Oogonia

What are the diploid germ cells that can develop into ovum and are located in ovaries?

Oocyte

What's the name for an immature egg cell found in ovaries?

Follicle

What surrounds and supports oocytes?

Primordial follicles

What are the earliest follicles containing primary oocyte?

Primary follicles

What is the name for a follicle in early development, small, no fluid, and contains a primary oocyte?

Prophase I

Primary oocyte stuck/frozen in ________ until puberty

46

How many chromosomes do primary oocytes have?

Meiosis I

Hormones stimulate 1-2 oocytes a month to resume ________ __

Meiosis I

What splits gametes into a secondary oocyte and a polar body?

Secondary oocyte

What is arrested in metaphase II, and almost ready for fertilization?

Exits at menstruation

If a sperm does not arrive, what happens to the secondary oocyte?

Meiosis II completion

What is triggered if the sperm does arrive, resulting in an ovum (mature egg) + second polar body?

Polar body

What are the tiny cells who's purpose is to let the oocyte reduce genome without losing cytoplasm?

FSH

What stimulates growth of ovarian follicles?

LH

What triggers ovulation & formation of corpus luteum?

Ovulation

What occurs when there is a surge of LH, and the secondary oocyte is released?

HCG

What hormone is released by the embryo (and later the early placenta) that keeps the corpus luteum alive and functioning?

Luteal phase

What is the phase after ovulation when progesterone is produced?

Follicular phase

What is the phase before ovulation when follicles mature?

Zygote

What does the ovum (mature egg) become when it is fertilized?

Zona pellucida

What is the protective layer around the egg?

Corona radiata

What cell layer protecting oocyte, that sits on top of the zona pellucida layer?

Placenta

What is the organ for nutrient/waste/gas exchange between mom & fetus?

Ectopic pregnancy

What is it called when the baby development outside the uterus?

Menopause

What is the natural end of fertility due to loss of follicle activity (age 45-55)?

Fallopian tubes, uterine tubes, oviducts

What are 3 names for the 5" long tubes that go from the ovaries to uterus?

Infundibulum

What part of the uterine tubes is closest to the ovaries, acts as a funnel with fimbriae (cilia-lined)?

Ampulla

What part of the uterine tubes is the usual site of fertilization?

Isthmus

What part of the uterine tubes is closest to uterus?

Uterine ostium

What is the tube entry into uterus from the uterine tube?

Peristalsis

What are the wave muscle contractions that move the egg along in the uterine tubes?

Cilia

What helps to move the egg along in the uterine tubes?

Uterine cycle

What cycle refers to the changes of endometrium preparing for pregnancy?