anthro sex unit

sex

sex

the biological distinction between females and males

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

primary sexual characteristics

organs specifically needed for reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics that arise during puberty, external signal to others of the species

human dimorphism

size differences, robusticity and muscularity, inter/intraskeletal differences, males have larger skulls

female pelvis

larger pubic arch, rounded pelvic inlet, wider greater sciatic notch

male pelvis

smaller pubic arch, higher pelvis, heart shaped pubic inlet

skull determiners

nuchal crest
mastoid process
supra-orbital ridge/glabella
supra-occipital margin
mental eminence

nuchal crest

pronounced in males, hook shaped
smooth in females

mastoid process

pronounced in males
smaller in females

supra-orbital ridge/glabella

pronounced in males
smaller in females

supra-occipital margin

sharper in females
thicker and blunter in males

mental eminence

smaller in females, larger in males

red lady of paviland

1832 paviland cave, coated in red ochre, assumed female because of grave goods but actually male

intersex

reproductive/sexual anatomy does not fit typical biological definition of male/female

turners syndrome

genetic condition affecting 1/2500 females
one x chromosome missing or partially missing
poor/nondeveloped ovaries
short stature, elbow deformities, no menstruation, nevi

klinefelters

1/500 males
extra x chromosome
reduced testosterone, little to no sperm

margaret mead

cultural anthropologist, first to study sex and gender, studied tribes in Papua New Guinea, showed gender was culturally constructed

judith butler

proposed gender performativity in the 1980s

gender performativity

The idea that gender, rather than a coherent component of identity incorporated through socialization, is in fact a bodily performance of discourse that exists only because people believe it is significant

gender markers

clothes, colours, hair, adornments, occupation/activities

history of pink and blue

19th cen toddlers wore white dresses
early 20th cen pink for boys blue for girls
amid 20th cen pink for girls blue for boys

breeching

boys would wear pants for the first time at the age of 6-7 in the 19th cen

two-spirit

native american gender identity, differs from nation to nation, calling or feeling, not assigned at birth, generally embodiment of both male and female spirit

fa' afafine

samoan, bio males who dress as women and take on their roles, assigned or chosem, can be refused, for economic or practical reasons

hijras

india, pakistan, bangladesh, born male or intersex, impotent, "male plus female", special status in hindu tradition (give blessings at births and weddings)

travesties

sex workers in brazil, undergo body mods to be more feminine but are not female, low social status

the aka

hunter gatherer society in republic of vongo and central african republic, sex reffered to only in context of reproduction

ritualised homosexuality

homosexual acts or behaviours with socio-cultural/ritual meanings outside of romantic/erotic relationships

jerungdu

sambia, essence of male strength, virility, and manliness, boys obtain it via ingesting semen of men

nadleehe

navajo, individuals of high esteem who combine male and female roles and characteristics
Important in religious ceremonies, spiritual healers, go-betweens in arranging marriages and mediating conflicts

the second sex

1949 simone de beauvoir, Argued that women have historically been considered the second sex and subordinate to men

hyperandrogenism

Excessive production/secretion of androgens, more common in women than men

don kulick

The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes

richard mora

do it all for your pubic hairs