World Politics Final

What was the Treaty of Westphalia

What was the Treaty of Westphalia

1648 - Ends Wars of Religion

What was one of the first International Government Organizations that advanced global communication?

Explain the significance of the 1878 Berlin Conference on late 19th and 20th century globalization

accelerating European colonial expansion, integrating Africa into the global economy, and setting the stage for imperial rivalries and conflicts that would shape the 20th century.

What was the attitude of Marxism towards globalization

critique of capitalism, international solidarity, imperialism, no borders, no government, no war, no inequality

What was the Valladolid controversy and why is it fundamental to the foundations of the study and protection of human rights?

centered around the question of whether indigenous peoples of the Americas, particularly the Native Americans encountered by Spanish explorers, should be considered human beings with inherent rights

How could modern wars accelerate globalization?

Alliances, technology, migration, territory changes

Define Mercantilism

The government helps or creates private enterprises, directs the major decisions of private enterprises; Taxes create a mutual fund for common needs

What is the “invisible hand of the economy”

Means that individuals' efforts to maximize their own gains in a free market may benefit society, even if the ambitious have no benevolent intentions. 

What is “trickle down economics”

theory that by increasing the wealth of the rich, they will spend more money, which would trickle down throughout society, leading to more wealth for all

What is David Ricardo’s notion of comparative advantage

trade is not a zero-sum game of cutthroat competition because both sides can benefit; national trade specialization

What is another term for Mercantilism

Colbertism

How did Taylor and Ford redefine economics

division of labor, wage by performance, scale economy, importance of the consumer

What is consumer confidence

how consumers feel (optimistic or pessimistic) about the state of the economy

What can governments do to increase consumer confidence

Social welfare programs, Great projects, New jobs, New infrastructures

What did the Bretton Woods system accomplish

1944; established the World Bank, set gold standard, chose American dollar as backbone of international exchange; provided the world with badly needed post war currency stability

Define IMF

surveillance, financial assistance, technical assistance and training, research and analysis

Define GATT (WTO)

negotiating trade agreements, administering trade rules, dispute settlement, monitoring trade policies

Define World Bank

financial assistance, policy advice and technical assistance, promoting sustainable development, crisis response

What were the “30 Glorious Years” in global economics

The Keynesian Era (1945-1975)

What were the limitation of the Keynesian model

exploitation of Third World, dependency of the economy on inflation, dependency of governments on taxation, the frailty of the system

What are the fundamentals of neoliberal economic policy

Reduce deficit to reduce taxes to reboot hiring and consumption, abolish monopolies, reduce bureaucracy

Identify two major world leaders who pioneered neo-liberal economic policies in the 1980s

Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan

What were the positive effects of neoliberal reforms of the 1980s / 90s

prices decline in transportation & communication, globalization increase, lifestyle improvements, rise of several third world countries out of poverty, growth

What were the negative effects of the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s / 90s

inequalities, taxes continued to rise for small businesses and middle class, laws no longer protect jobs / industries, career track jobs replaced by service jobs, unemployment still high, spacial inequities, social inequities,

Explain the importance of consumer in Keynesian theory

spending decisions have a significant impact on aggregate demand, economic activity, and overall economic stability

Liberalist theorists

David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill

Critiquers of Keynesianism

Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, Jeffery Sachs

The Chicago School

Milton Friedman, neoliberalism, free markets best allocate resources in an economic and minimal government intervention is best

What are the three fundamental texts defining human rights in international relations

UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR

What is the UDHR of 1948

Universal Declaration of Human Rights; set for the first time fundamental human rights to be universally protected

What is the ICCPR of 1966 / 1977 / 1978

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; provides a range of protections for civil and political rights

What is the ICESCR of 1966 / 1977 / 1978

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, such as right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and fair trial

Summary of 53 articles of ICCPR

The freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The freedom of opinion and expression. Prohibition of propaganda advocating war or national, racial or religious hatred. The right to peaceful assembly.

Summary of the 31 articles of ICESCR

ensure the protection of economic, social and cultural rights including: Freedom from discrimination. Right to equality between men and women. Right to work.