Cancer Pathology and pharm

benign

Stays in one location

Malignant

Spreads all over the body

Invasive

affects tissue around it but not far

Carcinoma

Malignant, arise from epithelial tissue, locations has to have epitheala tissue, metastasize via lymphatics

Sarcoma

Malignant, arise from connective tissue, typically in fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, synovium, fibrous tissue, uses blood for invasion

Lymphomas

originate in lymphoid tussues, in lymph nodes, spleenn, intestianl lining

Leukemias

Cancer of the blood, in bone marrow

what are the stages of cancer

stage 1- local cancer in one area

stage 2- cancer is located in two separate regions on one side of the diaphragm

stage 3- cancer is found on both sides of the diaphragm

Stage 4- diffuse or disseminated spread to one or more extralympahatic organs, spread to areas near lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, or nodular invluvment of the lungs

Cancer symptoms

Common- lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bone ( PBKLT for most likely to spread to bone), brain

Less common (secondary)- integument, ovaries, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas,

What are the two types of chmotherapy

Cell-cycle specific: acts on a specific life cycle stage- fast growing cancers

Cell-cycle-nonspecific: potentially acts on cells in all stages- slow growing cancers

Alkylating agenst

nonspecific

affects the hydrogen bonds

-mide

ADR- mylosuppression, GI, mucositis, alopecia, nephotocity, ototoxicity, Peripheral neuropathy, CNS, bleeding risk

Antimetabolites

Cell-cycle specific

MOA: inhit formation of key biomoleclues

-trex

ADR- myelosuppression, GI, Hepatotoxicity ( Jaundice), Nephrotoxity (fluid formation), Neurotoxicity ( reflex, myotome, sensation)

Antitumor Antibiotics

Cell-Cycle-Nonspecifc

MOA- bind to base to affect DNA helix

Often restricted to life dose

-mycin

ADR- Extrv asation ( damage at IV site)

Antimicrotubule

Cell-cycle-specific

MOA- afcfects microtubule formation for cell devision

-ine

ADR- phlebitis or cellulitis + other common smpytom

Topisomerase

MOA: affects DNA synthesis

-poside,- tecan

ADR- similar to other chemo

Platinum Coodrination Complexs

MOA- affect DNA translation and replication

-platin

ADR- repiratory toxicity

Imatinib

-nib

targes cells that express protein associated with cancer and not harming normal cells

ADR- lose toxicity, neutropenia, thromnbocytopenia

Interleukins

-sept

released from activated lymphocytes and NK cells

ADR- capillary leak syndrom ( moe protein to tissues), edema formation

Monoclonal antibodies

genetically engineered antibodies targeting specific antigens on cancer cells, highly specific

-mab

ADR- flu like, broncospasms, swelling in face

Hematopoietic

MOA- reolaces RBC and platelets

ADR: quickly evlevated hematocrit and hemoblobin resulting in hypertension and seizures

PT implications

Keeps muscle strength, Bleeding concernces, watch for fever, fatigue, pain, watch for bone pain, organ toxicity,