Hypothesis Testing with Two Groups

A set of 50 flashcards focusing on vocabulary and concepts relevant to hypothesis testing with two groups.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

Assumes there is no relationship; the group means are equal in the population.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

States that there is a relationship; the means differ in the population.

Feeling Thermometer

A scale from 0 (negative feelings) to 100 (positive feelings) to rate feelings about certain groups.

Aggregate Function

R function used to obtain mean outcomes of a dependent variable for different categories of an independent variable.

Gender Gap

Differences in political attitudes based on sex.

Sample Mean

The average value calculated from a sample of data.

Significance Level (alpha)

The threshold probability for rejecting the null hypothesis; commonly set at .05.

P-value

The probability of observing data as extreme as the sample given that the null hypothesis is true.

Critical Value

A point on the distribution that marks the boundary for rejecting the null hypothesis.

Two-tailed Test

Hypothesis test where both directions (greater than and less than) are considered.

One-tailed Test

Hypothesis test focusing on one direction of the mean difference.

Standard Deviation (SD)

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

Degrees of Freedom (df)

The number of independent values or quantities that can vary in the analysis.

T-test

Statistical test used to compare the means of two groups.

Effect Size

The magnitude of a phenomenon; used to indicate the size of a difference between groups.

Cohen's D

A measure of effect size that expresses the difference between two means in standard deviation units.

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance; a method used to compare means across multiple groups.

Subgroup Analysis

Examining mean differences within subcategories of a population.

Barplot

A graphical representation where the height of bars indicates mean levels of a dependent variable.

Boxplot

A graphical representation showing the distribution of data points based on five summary statistics.

Proportion

A statistical measure that describes a part of a whole; often expressed as a fraction.

Significant Difference

A difference that is unlikely to occur by chance alone, as determined by statistical tests.

Empirical Example

A practical application of theory observed through data.

Statistical Significance

A determination that the findings observed in data are unlikely due to chance.

Hypothesis Testing

A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population.

Data Normalization

The process of adjusting values measured on different scales to a common scale.

Missing Data

Occurs when no data can be found for a variable in a sample.

Confidence Interval (CI)

A range of values used to estimate the true parameter in the population.

Random Sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Dichotomous Variable

A variable that can take on only two values, typically 0 or 1.

Hypothesis Test Logic

Evaluating whether the observed difference in sample means reflects a true difference in the population.

Mean Comparison

Analyzing differences in average scores between two or more groups.

Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of a statistic derived from a random sample.

Statistical Power

The probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

Feminist Feeling Thermometer

A measure used to gauge respondents' feelings toward feminists.

Feminist Support

The level of approval or positive rating given to feminist ideologies or actions.

Non-response Bias

Bias introduced in survey results when individuals do not respond.

Standard Error (SE)

An estimate of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Sample Size (n)

The number of observations or data points collected in a sample.

Substantive Effect

The real-world meaning or importance of a statistically significant finding.

Statistical Model

A mathematical representation of observed data to make inferences.

Comparative Analysis

An approach that assesses differences and similarities between groups.

Chi-Square Test

A statistical test to determine if there is a significant association between categorical variables.

Data Visualization

The graphical representation of information and data.

Differential Analysis

Examination of differences between two or more groups or entities.

Predictive Analysis

The use of data and statistical algorithms to forecast outcomes.

Quantitative Research

Research that deals with numbers and measurable forms.

R Libraries

Packages in R used for specific statistical methods or analyses.

Statistical Software

Programs like R, SPSS, and SAS used for statistical analysis.

Research Hypothesis

A statement of expected relationships or outcomes that the research intends to test.