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physics
the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motions and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force
acceleration due to gravity
the acceleration for any object moving under the sole influence of gravity
grams
measurement for mass
kinetic energy
the energy of motion; when energy is transferred the object will move and continue on
What does one object being warmer than another have to do with kinetic energy?
the warmer the object, the greater the kinetic energy
How many poles do magnets?
magnets have 2 poles; north and south
entropy
the degree of disorder or uncertainty in the environment
The Laws of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
for a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
a perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy
How do you calculate voltage?
voltage = current x resistance
voltage = amps x ohms
v = v x alpha
How do you calculate current?
current = voltage / resistance
I = v / r
How do you calculate resistance?
resistance = voltage / current
r = v / i
How to calculate speed in a free-falling object?
speed = acceleration of gravity x time
speed = -9.8 m/s² x time
How to calculate distance of a free-falling object?
distance = ½ (9.8 m/s² x t²)
How do you calculate the energy required to raise or decrease the temperature of a given substance when given the specific heat capacity?
Q = mcT
heat = mass x specific heat x temperature
How do you calculate net force?
F = ma
force = mass x acceleration
How do you calculate frequency?
f = 𝜈/λ
frequency = wave speed / wavelength
How do you calculate wavelength?
λ = v / f
wavelength = wave speed / frequency
How do you convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
F = 9/5C + 32
How do you convert Kelvin to Celsius?
C = K - 273.15 C
chemistry
the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules
What are some examples of chemical properties?
flammability
toxicity
acidity
solubility
radioactivity
What are some examples of physical properties?
density
color
hardness
melting/boiling point
conductivity
ionic bond
a bond that occurs between metals and nonmetals and involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
covalent bond
a bond that occurs between two or more nonmetals and involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms
heterogenous mixture
a mixture in which the composition varies from one region to another
homogeneous mixture
a mixture in which the composition is the same throughout
Is hydrogen a metal, non-metal, or metalloid?
non-metal
How do you find molarity?
m = moles of solute/liters of solution
How do you calculate molar mass?
molar mass = mass of substance / mole
How do you determine the number of moles in a compound?
number of moles = mass of substance / mass of one mole
geology
the science that deals with the earths physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it
Coriolis Force
the Earth rotates on its axis, circulating air is deflected toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere
divergent boundaries
where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other
(ex. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
convergent boundaries
where crust is destroyed as one plate divers under the other
(ex. The Pacific Ring of Fire)
transform boundaries
where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other
(ex. The San Andreas Fault)
What volcano did Krista Evans study and get her masters from? (this is the actual question im not shitting with you guys rn)
Kilauea
longitudinal wave
a wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is the same direction of the wave proportion
transverse wave
motion in which all points on a wave oscillate along paths at right angles to the direction of the wave’s advance
love waves
a type of seismic surface wave in which particles move with a side to side motion
Rayleigh Waves
an undulating wave that travels over the surface of a solid, especially of the ground in an earthquake
primary waves
p waves travel faster than other seismic waves and cause the rocks they pass through to change in volume
secondary waves
a seismic wave in which the rock particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave
What is the degree of the Earths tilt?
23.5 degrees
mineral
a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence
How do thunderstorms begin?
humid air rises, cools, and condenses into a single cumulus cloud
relative humidity
a ratio of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated
What gas(es) contribute to the greenhouse effect?
carbon dioxide
methane
ozone
nitrous oxide
water vapor
rock cycle
a web of processes that outlines how each of the rock types form and break down
tornado
a funnel shaped column of air rotates around a low pressure core
What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?
silicon, oxygen
What are the 3 severe types of storms?
multi-cell thunderstorms
squall line thunderstorms
supercell thunderstorms
astronomy
the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole
What observations can be made of a star it know its temperature?
its color
What does a spinning cloud of interstellar gas tend to do?
flatten
What is the predominant component of the planets atmosphere?
nitrogen
Why does Earth observe the same face of the moon?
they rotate in the same direction
nebular theory
it pertains to the formation of the solar system
black hole
a supergiant star that has collapsed on itself and likely found at the center of each spiral galazy
What are Saturn’s rings composed of?
ice chunks and rock
Why do nebula appear so dark?
they are opaque
What is the density of Saturn compared to the density of water?
less than the density of water
What direction do solar winds blow?
away from the sun
What is the cause of Jupiter’s slight flattening?
the rapid spin cycle
What is the composition and state of the Moon's core?
solid iron
What are the relative compositions of the materials from which stars form?
74% hydrogen, 24% helium, and no more than 2% of other matreials
How does the Sun and planets move relative to each other?
rotates int he same direction as the planet’s revolve
What holds a cloud of interstellar gas together?
gravitational force
What does the solar system consist mostly of?
the Sun
In what region of the Sun is solar energy generated?
the inner core
Each second, what happens tot he burning Sun’s mass?
it decreases
Why is nighttime so cold on Mercury?
it has a weak atmosphere
How do wind speeds on other planets compare to those on earth?
they are about 10 times more than Earth
In what region of Mars is microscopic life most likely to exist?
beneath the planet’s surface, where melting water may cool
Which planet is home to the largest volcano in our solar system?
Mars
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