Fiszki: allophones consonants | Quizlet

minimal pair

A pair of words that have different meanings, but all of the same sounds with the exception of one phoneme; e.g., pat - bat

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

allophonic, narrow transcription

all the details which are not seen in phonemic, broad transcription

aspiration ( ʰ)

/ptk/ aspirated if: not after /s/, not before a consonant, at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
elsewhere: unaspirated

flapping (ɾ) (t-voicing, tapping)

/t/ or /d/ which is: not at the beginning of a stressed syllable, after a vowel or /r/, before a vowel or syllabic /l/ or /r/

devoicing of voiced obstruents (plosives, fricatives, affricates) [ ̥ ̊ ]

next to a voiceless sound or a pause (silence)

glottal stop (ʔ)

/t/ which is: not at the beginning of a syllable, either followed by another consonant which is not a syllabic liquid /l r/ or a fricative; at the end of a word (before silence)

no audiable release (plosives) [ ̚ ]

/p k b d g/ followed by another plosive may have no audible release

nasal release ( ⁿ)

a plosive (usually /d/) followed by a homorganic nasal (a nasal with the same place of articulatiion)

lateral release (plosives) [ ˡ]

plosive (usually /d ɾ/) followed by a homorganic lateral

fronting (velar plosives) [ ̟ ]

velar plosives /k g/ are fronted (=advanced) before front vowels /i: ɪ eɪ/

all approximants /l r j w/ completely devoiced [ ̥ ̊]

after a voiceless plosive /ptk/, at the beggining of a stressed syllable; /j/ after /h/ (there is somewhat less devocing after /s f/

/l/ in general american

always "dark" - velarized ( ɫ )

/l/ in general british

clear /l/ occurs before vowels and /j/; dark ɫ occurs elsewhere

/r/ in narrow transcription

ɹ

nasal devoicing

somewhat devoiced after /s/

labiodental nasal [ɱ]

/m n/ realized as [ɱ] before labiodental fricatives /f v/

flapping of /n/, nasalized flap [ ɾ̃ ]

the same position as /t d/ so not at the beginning of a stressed syllable, after a vowel or /r/, before a vowel or syllabic /l/ or /r/