word roots final prospectus unit 2

intransitive verb

intransitive verb

verbs that don't take an object (ex: "swam" in "After the race, we swam")

morphological criterion for nouns

-plural has {s}

-sometimes this test doesn't work (ex: plural form of goose is geese)

syntactical criterion for adjectives

-adjectives can come between a noun marker and a noun (ex: the happy horse)

-adjectives can follow the word "seem" (ex: The horse seems happy)

-answers "how many," "which ones," "what kind"

morphological criterion for verbs

tenses to show time (ex: walk, walked)

morphological criterion for adverbs

-no morphological criterion

-most adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding {ly} (however not all adverbs have ly), adv are typically words that can substitute "well"

syntactical criterion for adverbs

answers questions like "how," "when," "where"

what does alchemist mean etymologically?

-past meaning: relating to land of black soil? pharmaceutical chemistry

-today meaning:

A) person who attempts to change base metals (e.g., lead) into precious metals (e.g., gold)

B) a person associated with wizards, magic, and the search for arcane knowledge

what does pandemonium mean etymologically?

-past meaning: realm of all demons

-today meaning: chaos, mayhem

what does decimate mean etymologically?

-past meaning: punish (kill) every tenth person

-today meaning: to totally wipe out/demolish/destroy

rout

-noun: disorderly retreat (ex: This battle led to a complete rout of the army)

-verb: to defeat someone utterly (ex: The champion routed the contender)

ex officio

out of duty/from duty; in english today means by virtue of one's office/official position (ex: The Dean is chairman of the Executive Committee ex officio)

magnum opus

great work; in english today means one's masterpiece (ex: This book was to be Janet's magnum opus)

persona non grata

person not welcome; in english today means person officially banned because of past offensive behavior/political ideology (ex: After only 4 months in his job as an ambassador, the country to which Tim had been assigned designated him as a person non grata)

{life/live}

when life becomes plural changes to allomorph {live}

{est}

morpheme that shows "most"

verb

action word

noun

person, place, thing, or idea

noun marker

function words that proceed nouns (ex: the, these, a, many)

noun modifier

noun that come before and describes other nouns (ex: horse race)

adverb

word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

class of word

parts of speech

-content words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs

-function words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections

transitive verb

verbs that have an object following the verb (ex: "bought" in "I bought a book")

phrase

group of words (ex: an apple pie)

syntactical criteria

word order rules which identify class of word

morphological criteria

changes in a word's shape/form (morphology) that help identify that word's class

syntactical criterion for nouns

english noun may be preceded by noun marker

morphological criterion for adjectives

more/most test (morphemes {er} and {est} can show more and most, ex: bigger and biggest and more beautiful and most beautiful)

syntactical criterion for verbs

-subject verb word pattern (ex: The dog barks)

-subject verb object word pattern (ex: The frog grabbed the fly)

what does lunatic mean etymologically?

-past meaning: moonstruck

-today meaning: someone who is insane

stationary

to remain in one place (ex: The guard remained stationary for one hour)

stationery

writing materials like paper and envelops (ex: If I am going to write all those Christmas letters, I will need some stationery)

conservatism

to preserve one's traditional customs and be against progress/progressivism, the belief that change is necessary in order to improve (ex: Conservative politicians tend to have beliefs that align more with the traditional beliefs)

conservation

the attempt to preserve something, usually art/endangered animals, etc. (ex: energy conservation, water conservation)

route

a path or direction to some place (ex: This route will get us faster to our destination)

pro tempore

for the time; in english today means temporary (ex: Sally was appointed president pro tempore)

{er}

morpheme that shows "more"

{s}

morpheme that shows a noun is plural

adjective

a word that modifies a noun or pronoun

head

word being modified (ex: "typist" is the head in "skilled typist")

modifier

describes head (ex: "skilled" is the head in "skilled typist")

slot

a position in a sentence that can be filled by some word classes but not others (ex: nouns usually occupy the slots preceded by function words)

what 2 criteria can be used to test for class of word?

morphological and syntactical tests

what does punch mean etymologically?

-past meaning: drink with 5 ingredients

-today meaning: drink with several ingredients

ex cathedra

out of/from the chair/seat (of a bishop); in english today means (to speak) from a position of authority (ex: The Pope made it quite clear that he was speaking ex cathedra on this issue)

tense

difference in form and meaning in verbs, 2 types: present and past tenses