Ch. 11 Sexual orientation and the struggle for equality

increased

in general, countries throughout the world are moving toward ____ legal protection of homosexuals

South Africa

what country became the first to include a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation?

registered partnerships

federally recognized relationships that convey most but not all the rights of marriage

3.5

what percent of the adult population are LGB?

legality and morality

Americans' beliefs about the origins of same-sex orientation are much more strongly related to their views of the ______ of gay or lesbian relations than to party identification, ideology, religious commitment, age, and other demographic characteristics

sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE)

collectively refers to reparative, conversion, and reorientation therapies

structural-functionalist perspective

the importance of monogamous heterosexual relationships for the reproduction, nurturance, and socialization of children (homosexual relations are deviant because they do not fulfill the main function of the family institution)

structural-functionalist perspective

homosexuals disrupt equilibrium of society, how changes in one part of society affects the rest of society, and latent functions

conflict perspective

gay rights movement and the opposition to it as a struggle over power, prestige, and economic resources

symbolic interactionists

focuses on the meanings of heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality; how these meanings are socially constructed; and how they influence the social status, self-concepts, and well-being of non-heterosexual individuals

master status

the dominant heterosexual community tends to view "gay" "lesbian" and "bisexual" as the most socially significant statuses of individuals

internalized homophobia/heterosexism

the internalization of negative messages about homosexuality by lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals as a result of direct/indirect social rejection and stigmatization

family members

____ also have a powerful effect on the self-concepts, behavior, and well-being of lesbian, gay and bisexual youth

opression

the use of power to create inequality and limit access to resources, which impedes the physical and/or emotional well-being of individuals or groups of people

privileged

when a group has a special advantage or benefits as a result of cultural, economic, societal, legal and political factors

heterosexism

a form of oppression and refers to a belief system that gives power and privilege to heterosexuals, while depriving, oppressing, stigmatizing, and devaluing people who are not heterosexual

prejudice

negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people

discrimination

behavior that denies individuals or groups equality of treatment

homophobia

negative or hostile attitudes directed toward same-sex sexual behavior, a non-heterosexually identified individual, and communities of non-heterosexuals

heterosexism

homophobia is made possible by ____

biphobia

when prejudice is directed toward bisexual individuals

decriminalization of homosexuality

the _____ in the US is one indicator of the growing acceptance of LGB individuals

men, women

___ are more likely than ____ to have negative attitudes toward gay individuals

younger

who are more likely to have favorable attitudes toward same-sex marriage?

88

what percent of LGBT agree that discrimination is a big problem?

religion, gender roles, negative stereotypes

what are reasons for LGBT discrimination?

gender expression

The way in which a person presents her- or himself as a gendered individual (i.e., masculine, feminine, or androgynous) in society. A person could, for example, have a gender identity as male but nonetheless present their gender as female.

half

how many LGBT employees report they hear coworkers express negative views concerning LGBT issues?

DOMA

Federal legislation that states that marriage is a legal union between one man and one woman and denies federal recognition of same-sex marriage.

granting legal status would convey social acceptance, religious views

what are arguments against same-sex marriage?

denies same-sex couples legal benefits, promote relationship stability , marriage can come in different forms

what are arguments supporting same sex marriage?

nothing

a parent's sexual orientation has ___ to do with his or her ability to be a good parent

minority stress theory

Explains that when an individual experiences the social environment as emotionally or physically threatening due to social stigma, the result is an increased risk for mental health problems.

not

due to fear of further victimization, many cases of LGBT violence are or are not reported to the police

more

attitudes toward homosexuality in the US have become ___ accepting over the years

coming out

The ongoing process whereby a lesbian, gay, or bisexual individual becomes aware of his or her sexuality, accepts and incorporates it into his or her overall sense of self, and shares that information with others such as family, friends, and coworkers.

national coming out day

Celebrated on October 11, this day is recognized in many countries as a day to raise awareness of the LGBT population and foster discussion of gay rights issues.

positive

coming out can have ____ outcomes in terms of strengthening relationships

contact hypothesis

the idea that contact between groups is necessary for the reduction of prejudice

knowing someone who is homosexual

what is the most common reason for switching from anti-gay to pro-gay?

media

what also offers positive support for LGBT?

ENDA (Employee non-discrimination act)

This proposed federal bill that would protect LGBTs from workplace discrimination has been up for congressional debate on a number of occasions since 1994, but has never been signed into law.

civil union

legal status parallel to civil marriage under state law and entitles same-sex couples to nearly all rights and responsibilities as opposite-sex couples

domestic partners

unmarried couples who have been granted domestic partnership status that conveys various legal rights and responsibilities

Respect for Marriage Act (RMA)

A bill that, if passed, would overturn DOMA and grant federal recognition to same-sex marriages, regardless of the state laws in which they reside.

Every child deserves a family act (ECDFA)

This federal legislation would remove obstacles to non-heterosexual (as well as transgender) individuals from providing loving homes for adoption or foster care.

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA)

This law expands the original 1969 federal hate crimes law to cover hate crimes based on actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability.

LGBT-affirmative classroom curricula, sex education, and promoting tolerance through policies, education, and activism

what are educational strategies in place for LGBT acceptance?

national day of silence

A day during which students do not speak in recognition of the daily harassment that LBGT students endure.

gay-straight alliances (GSAs)

school-sponsored clubs led by middle or high schools that strive to address anti-LGBT name-calling and promote respect for all students.

gay pride

Demonstrative and cultural expressions of gay activism that include celebrations, marches, demonstrations, or other cultural activities promoting gay rights.