Climate and society exam 3

Industrial revolution

Era in history during which Western cultures transitioned away from a solely agrarian society to one with industry and machinery in the 18th century

Was iron and steel created in the industrial revolution

Yes

Was coal and oil; steam engine; the internal combustion engine created in the industrial revolution

Yes

Was the power loom and the spinning Jenny created during the industrial revolution

Yes

Were the steam locomotive, steam boats, automobiles, airplanes, radios, and telegraphs created in the industrial revolution

Yes

Biomass burning

The combustion of wood, straw, and dung - naturally occurring

After the IR coal, oil, and natural gas were used - what were they called?

The big three

How is energy produced in the US

petroleum, natural gas, coal, solar, nuclear, hydro, wind, geothermal, and biomass

How much enegery is wasted

66%

How is wasted energy lost

Heat

How much energy produced for electricity is wasted

59%

How much energy produced for transportation wasted

78%

Main users of CO2

China, US, EU, India, Russia, and Japan

US per capita emissions have ALWAYS been the highest - true or false

True

Top CO2 emitters per capita

US, China, EU, World, and India

What greenhouse gases have increased

CO2, Methane, and N2O

Which greenhouse gas is the most potent

Nitros oxide

The ten warmest years on record have all occurred since 2015 - true or false

True

2025 marked the 49th consecutive year with global temps rising - true or false

True

What rise with temps

Water vapor

What is a green house gas and will lead to even more warming

Water vapor

Two different ways to describe water vapor

Specific humidity and relative humidity

Greenhouse gas effect

The warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth towards space, primarily due to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Specific humidity

The mass of water vapor in a unit mass of mist air, usually expressed as grams of vapor per kilogram of air

Relative humidity

A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the total amount of water vapor that the air could hold at that specific temp

What is the percentage of the arming that happened on Earth between 1971 and 2010

90%

How much as global seal level risen since 1880

9 inches

What does PH measure

acidity - lower is more acidic higher is basic

What is the Ph level of the ocean

8.1, 28% increase of acidity

What is the atmosphere is dissolved in the oceans

CO2

Henrys law

As the partial pressure of CO2 increases, more CO2 is dissolved int he oceans

What forms do calcium carbonate take

Calcite - which is stable, and aragonite - more soluble

Hazards

Physical events, trends, or impacts related to climate change

Vulnerability

A measure of how susceptible[tible a location or population is to the effects of climate change

Exposure

Presence of people, livelihoods, ecosystems, that could be effected

Risk

Overlap of all three factors

Could warmer temps lead to an increase in vector born disease such as malaria, dengue fever, and limes disease

Yes

Are the ozone levels higher on hot, sunny days

Yes

Reductions in PM2.5 are associated with the Clean Air Act and subsequent EPA standards - true or false

True

Decreades emissions are associated witht eh decrease in ozone and PM2.5 - true or false

True

Where are plants and animals going to reduce their ranges and reach higher elevations

Northward

Weather models

combine all current observations with mathematical equations to generate weather predictions

Climate models

Use future scenarios in mathematical equations to make climate projects, which describe what the climate conditions could be like in the future

What do models represent

Physical, chemical, biological processes as mathematical equations - newtons law

Parameterized

They are represented by terms we do know

In a climate model, what is the atmosphere divided into

grids

examples of parameterizations

clouds, turbulent eddies, thunderstorms, evapotranspiration

Biases in models - temps

Artic îs too cold, oceans off west coats are too warm

Biases in models - precipitation

large errors in the tropics, too much moisture off of west coats created double ITCZ problem

What do Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) describe

four different 21st century pathways of greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations, air pollutant emissions, and land use

What do Shared Socioeconomic Pathways represent

Possible socioeconomic conditions, land-use, and other human caused climate drivers that influence greenhouse gas emissions

Climate projections

Surface temp,, September arctic sea ice, global ocean surface Ph, and Global mean sea level rise

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a product of what

The UN

3 groups of the IPCC

Physical science basis of climate change, Climate change impacts adaptation and vulnerability, Mitigation of climate change, and national greenhouse gas inventories

What does the IPCC assess

Climate change, its impacts, and future risks

How many regions in the IPCC

7 - Africa, Aisa, Australia, Central and South America, Europe,, North America, and Small islands

What was the USGCRP created for

develop and coordinate a comprehensive and integrated United States research program which will assist the National nd the world to understand assess predict and respond to human induced and natural processes of global change

NCA5 breaks into how many sections

10