AP World Unit 1 Review

(Pre-1200) Chinese Qin Dynasty 221-207

(Pre-1200) Chinese Qin Dynasty 221-207

• established first strong central bureaucracy (lead to prosperity)

• continued in Song China

(Pre-1200) Chinese Tang Dynasty

• improved agriculture, roads, canals, etc.

• increased foreign trade + allowed Song China to be econ. powerhouse

Bureaucracy in China

• central imperial bureaucracy and required merit exams

Chinese Merit Exams/Meritocracy

• Song expanded imperial bureaucracy allowing more lower class people to take exams and enter government (had most upward mobility in hiring systems at that time)

• it eventually hurt them as a larger bureaucracy was too expensive

• exams were about Confucian ideals, philosophy, classics, etc.

Innovations in China

• Grand Canal > increased trade

• Steel/Iron Production > stronger & more efficient farm tools

• Champa Rice > high-calorie year-round rice from tributary Vietnam = more food

• Porcelain & Silk Luxury Goods > highly desired trade goods

Effects of Chinese Innovations

• less people to farmed > more people became artisans/laborers in urban areas (proto-industrialization).

• led to population boom

Religion in Song China (Confucianism)

• Confucianism > first major religion = emphasized filial piety

• Filial Piety > men were superior & head of the household

• People were hesitant to give it up after new religions entered

Religion in Song China (Buddhism, Zen-Buddhism, + Neo-Confucianism)

• Buddhism > entered through Silk Road > popular w/ Chinese people > resisted by Confucianists

• Zen-Buddhism > combination of Taoism + Buddhism

• Neo-Confucianism > rose in Song China as response to Buddhism

• all heavily influenced surrounding areas (Korea, Japan, Vietnam)

Social Stratification in China

• Song China was most urbanized in the world

• emperor > scholar gentry (scholars educated in Confucian philosophy) > farmers > artisans > craftsmen > merchants > peasants/poor

• women deferred to men for everything > foot binding

Chinese Tributary System

• surrounding states had to pay tribute to China (food/goods) > kept China prosperous

China's Effect on Surrounding Countries

• Japan, Korea, Vietnam > heavily influenced

• Japan > adopted Buddhism + Confucianism > not centrally governed

• Korea > adopted Buddhism + Confucianism > centrally governed

• Vietnam > adopted Chinese writing > resisted signification bc. of family + culture

Spread of Islam

• after death of Muhammad:

• spread rapidly through military action, merchants, + missionaries (3M’s)

• spread from Spain to India & from Egypt to Turkey

Islam "Government"

• after fall of Abbasid Caliphate (1200)

• multiple cultural regional Islamic empires > collectively known as Dar-al Islam (everything Islam touches)

• made advances in math, lit., medicine, etc.

Basic Islamic Beliefs

• monotheistic (one god)

• follows Muhammad teachings > one Abrahamic religion

• Quran > holy text

• spread through merchants

• Sufism > reached to common people thru beliefs in spiritualism over tradition/ritual (comparable to Bhakti mov.)

Islamic Empires - Formed After Abbasid Caliphate

• Mamluk Empire/Sultanate > North Africa > Turkish slaves took over Egyptian government

• Seljuk Turks > Muslim Turks took over parts of Middle East (Baghdad included)

• al-Andalus > Spain > Muslim influence in art/architecture > shows religious collaboration

Important Islamic Figures

• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi > made advances in math & trigonometry

• A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah > prolific female writer pre-20th century

Islamic Advances & Continuites

• doctors & pharmacists started studying for certification tests > increasing the standard of medical care

Islamic Continuities

• Islamic scholars were known for learning from numerous cultures & building upon it

• translated Greek > Arabic

• studied Indian math

• made Chinese paper

(Pre-1200) South/Southeast Asia

• "Golden Age of India" ended > Gupta Empire fell > 1,000 years of decentralization

• characterized by Islam/Hinduism interactions, trade growth, + decentralized systems of gov. continuation

South/Southeast Asian Government

• largely decentralized > growing regional empires over time

• South Asia > Delhi Sultanate (Islamic) > Vijayanagara (Hindu)

• SE Asia > Srivijaya Empire (Hindu) > Majapahit (Buddhist) > Khmer Empire (Hindu/Buddhist)

South/Southeast Asian Trade

• heavily influenced by trade relationship in surrounding religions

• Islam > merchants converted for stronger Muslim trade relationships > challenged Hindu beliefs (ex. caste system)

• merchants brought Islam to SE Asia > many Hindus converted to Islam to escape caste system

Hinduism Beliefs

• polytheistic (many Gods)

• the Vedas > sacred texts

• cycle of life > birth, life, death, reincarnation

• pharma > good deeds > positive karma

• enough karma > moksha > transcendence > ends reincarnation

• karma > decides caste > immobile > lower caste were enticed by social Islamic mobility

• belief that there is universal principle of cause & effect > action + reaction

(Pre-1200) Toltec Empire

• first empire that grew in Americas

• highly militaristic and focused on sacrifice

• fell to repeated attacks by northern nomads

(Pre-1200) Corn/Maize

• helped Mesoamerican empires grow

• similar to Champa Rice

Aztecs (Mexica)

• arose in 13th century near lake Texoco (fishing, farming, transportation, etc.)

• 1434 > dominated valley > conquered other city-states > tribute empire

• capital city > Tenochtitlan > farming, palaces, markets

• rulers were considered gods

Inca (Peru)

• centered around lake Titicaca

• highly centralized > ruler of 4 provinces > local rulers defer to Inca > Inca are conquerors > tribute empire

• Carpa Nan > largest road at time w/ checkpoints > connected empire

• Mit'a system > forced labor > consolidated control and complete projects

• advanced irrigation > skilled farmers

Inca & Aztec Similarities

• both built on earlier empires

• Toltecs > Aztec

• Chimor > Inca

• excellent imperal & military organizers

• highly organized agriculture sector under state control

• ethnic groups allowed to survive

• animistic religions (nature)

• no draft animals for labor

Inca & Aztec Differences

• Aztecs > sophisticated traders & markets > writing system

• Inca > no specialized merchant class > no writing system

(Pre-1200) African Religions and Diversity

• before Islam:

• societies were diverse animistic, polytheistic, and varied economies

• Bantu people > spread language, metalwork, and agriculture

African "Government" Structure

• mostly stateless (no organized/centralized government)

• largely weak > no tax system > no large building projects

Islam in Africa

• came through merchants

• many converted bc. Islam is egalitarian (all are equal) w/ focus on king

• Islam gave African societies equal footing with Arabic societies and better trade opportunities in Trans-Saharan network

Trans-Saharan Trade

• improved by use of camels & saddles + caravans

• trade allowed empires to grow along network

West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)

• became Islamic to grow political power

• traded with other Muslim nations

• set up tributary systems on a small scale

Central Africa

• Islam did not spread to this region

• difficult to travel to and states formed slowly w/o Islamic influence

Great Zimbabwe

• large and non-Islamic

• dominated African gold trade along coast ports > Indian Ocean network

• built wall for protection

Ethiopia (Aksum)

• link between Arab and Mediterranean world

• exposed to Christianity, Judaism, + Islam

• lots of trade > proximity to Eurasia

African Global Connections

• spread of Islam opened Africa to global trade

• most of Africa developed indpeendently

African Continuities after Asian/European Arrivals

• continued integration of elder councils (traditional African systems of government)

• participation of trade networks (among coastal empires)

(Pre-1200) European History

• fall of Roman empire > decentralized Europe

• Middle Ages > backwardness in Europe > weak governments > slow learning

• 1100 CE > Europe slowly came out of Middle Ages

European Religion

• Christianity (Catholicism) > main religion

• had deep fear of other religions

Catholicism & Christianity in Europe

• Catholic Church > highly organized > highly corrupt in many places

• Christian crusades > tried to end Muslim rule in Holy Land > partly successful > opened up West to trade

Manorialism

• existed in decentralization

• land owners had peasants (serfs) work land in turn for protection

• manors were isolated with low production levels and technology

• vulnerable to viking raids

• created system of local rule with regional aristocrats

Feudalism

• military and political system that provided protection for elites in Viking Raids

• rulers provide protection to lesser lords (vassals/nobles)

• nobles employed knights for protection

• peasants worked for protection and shelter (slaves)

• feudal monarchs grew and manors were absorbed into smaller kingdoms

• over time, led to unhappy peasant population

European Government

• feudalism > monarchy

• many movements to limit feudal system and Catholic church

• High Middle Ages > feudalism decreased > industrialization increased > increase in education, urbanization, & technology

Plague in Europe

• 1300 > Black Death spread in Europe

• 1/2 European population dies > labor force is slashed > lords hold tighter on their peasants

• places began passing laws to force peasants in labor

• peasants revolted against working conditions > checks placed against feudal lords

• guilds formed to control working conditions