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what did charles I believe in
absolute monarchy
when was charles I early reign
1625-1628
first economic halleneg for charles I
inherited financial difficulties- an empty treasury and poor credit
how did charles face his inherited economic challenge
moved to gain a lone from the city of london merhchants h
how much did charles get in a lone from city of london merhcnats in 1625 and what was the problem
60 000 this was not enough so he was forced to call parliament
what was the politicall impact of chalres lone from london merhcnats in 1625
showed from the start that charles was reluctant to call parliament due to his ideas of absolute monarhcy therefore angering the governemnt
what was the reaction of the common to charles loan from london merhcnats in 1625 and why
refused to grant charles the right to collect tonnage and poundage for life and instead would grant it annually- to force charles to call parliament
how did charles show his religious sympathies in his early reign
henrietta maria was allowed to establish her won court of catholic advisors
promoted arminian clergy in the church
how did the planned war create an economic challeneg for chalres in his early reign
resulted in enforced conscription and billiting of troops despite the plague and growing economic hardship
what exacerbated the social anger due to forced billiting and conscription in chalres early reign and who was the anger directed to?
millitary faliures eg. failed attack on port cadiz in spain 1625 led by one of buckinhams nominees ( anger towards buckingham and charles )
what showed hostility towards the governemnt from
chalres early reign
when the common started discussing impeachement proceedings against buckingham, charles dissolved parliament
when parliamnt were recalled in 1629 what did they do?
launched an attack on buckingham and set aside charles issues regarding economic subsidies due to the wars ( gov protagonist)
who did chalres turn to for help in 1626 when he was forced to dissolve parliamnt without any financial help?
forced loan from tax payers and he punished those who refused woth conscription or imprisonment
who did chalres dismiss in 1626 when they refused to endorse the leaglity of charles forced loan on all tax payers
lord chief justice carew
who refused to pay the forced loan on all tax payers in 1627 and what did this lead to
5 knights- they were improsoned and so they sued for release under habeus corpus which was refused as charles claimed right to emergency powers
what was the significance of charles actions in the 5 knights case
he was cahlleneging statue law and abusing his powers through claiming rights to ‘emergency powers’
what social probelm did the 5 knights case highlight
widespread unrest as knights of relatively high status
what was a reason for buckinhams downfall
deteriation of relations with catholic powers lie spanin and france along side the faliure to support a protestant rebellion in La Rochelle ( religious challenge)
what was the significance of buckinham failing to support the protestant rebellion in La Rochelle
hifhglights charles religious sympathies and ineptness at picking good advisors over favourites- for the good of the country
why did parliamnt hlater attcks on buckingham by 1627
fear of another dissolution by chalres
what was the petition of right
written by parliament asking charles to
reverse his decision in the 5 knights case
demmanded citizens not be forced to pay a loan to the monarchy
not be subject to martial law
what is clear in regards to parliaments statagy from the petition of rights
they wasnbted greater political power as they focused on political changes but also they beceom less confrontational
what was the outcome of the petition of rights
charles published a revised petition of rights in which he asserted his rights to tonnage and poundage and then ended session with parliament
what wa the name of one of the 5 knights who was grnated bail but then what did chales do with him
richgard chambers- charles imrpisoned him in the perogative court on direct royal authority
what is highlighted through charles impromingin richard chambers in the perogativce courts
charles challeneging statie law again as you cant but someon on trial in 2 different courts
who was william laud
an armenina bishop charles appointed as bishop of london
what did the pettion of right have the potential to do but why did it not occur
offered an opportunity for reconcillation but chalres actions halted this
who assasinated buckinham and what was the publics reaction
army officer john felton
mps and the public celebrated
what did parliament do when they reassmbled in 1627 ( after buckinhams assasination)
looked into the revised petition of righta abd treatment of those refusing tonnage and poundage payments- chalres ordered them to adjourn
what happened on the day of adjournmen in 1627
mps demanded the passing of 3 bills against
growth of armeniamism
levting tonnage and poundage
levying punishment for resula of tonnage and poundage
how did parliament force through their 3 bills in 1627 and why was this significant
held the speaker in his chair so he could not adjourn parliament- parliament seen as in the wrong and antagonistic
what factor casued the most instabiity in charles personal rule and why
economci factors
result of millitary issues
caused political conflist with advisors
religious factors mostly undet the surface atp
when was cahlres personal rule
1629-1640
why did the dissolutiona of parliament provoke little reaction
the poor behaviour of the mps forcing through 3 bills on the last day
how were the first few years of personal rule
relatively calm with charles being an effectoive ruler
how was the foirst few years of personal rule governed x2
1.chalres met rergulary wioth william laud and lord strafford
2.and eneded hostilites with spain through the treaty of madrid ( to sorty out finances)
how did charles manage finance in the first few years of personal rule
new impositions to tonnage and poundage
revived feudal payments eg. fines for encroching on royal land
practice of selling monopolies was revived
ship money established as a tax across the country
distraint of knighthood recovered
what was a downdfall of introducing monopolies agin in personal rule
ran many out of buisiness by 1640
who did charles gove the soap monopoly
1634 - gave to a catholic company
when did ship money become an annual tax
1636
how many epopl did charles charge for distraint of kighthood
9,000 individuals
what did newly promoted armenians such as laud demand in the cbhurxhes
strict adherance to new rules
what did armernains promote during personal rule
substitution of ritual and formality for individual prayer and preaching
what happened to ministers who resisted armenina changes to the church during personal rule
brought befpre the perogative courts and depirved of their living
Examples of armenain changes to the church
decorated with statues
coloured
organs restorees
alta moved to the east end
what was the purpose of laud and strafford during personal rule
they effectively used to run the country alongside charles
where did strafford rule the most during personal rule
the north and then ireland
why had the queens infuence beome considerable in charles personal rule
she actively encourage others to participate in catholic worship
what was a significant religious action of charles in 1635
welocmed an ambassador from the catholic pope into his court-
why are reilgious challenegs important
thretening the social and political heirachy of british society
who and when did organised resistance to charles emerge
puritan gentry and nobility in 1636
why did gentry and nobility rise against chalres
angered by armeniansim and personal rule as many part of parliamnt
leaders of the first puritan gnettry/nobiity group to rise against charles in 1636 and what parts of previous gov were they part of
john pym- mp in commons
earl of warrik- house of lords
duke of bedford- house of lords
first sign of political ‘rebellion’ from the gentry
john hampden refused to pay ship money in 1636 initiating a legal challenge with C
what was the outcome of john hampden’s legal challenge against C and what was a limitation of this for charles ( undermining point)
kings bench found the king in favour in 1638 at 7-5 ( 5 voted against C indicating a slight loss of support)
hoe was gentry reaction to C personl rule
generally hostile
what did john hampens case highlight that was positive for C
lack of represenattion of the opposition due to a lco of parliament so C looked stornger
what groups silenced any who dared speak out aginst c
privy council and perogative courts
what did the star chamber do in 1637
sentenced 3 puritan writers- who had publsihed attack on C- to have their ears cut off and be branded
what are the names of the 3 puritan writers sentenced by the star chamber in 1637
henery burton
john bastwick
william prynne
who sentenced the 3 puritan writers in 1637 and why was this significant
willaim laud- increasing influence or armeniansim in politics/ not just the church
example of clergymen in government 1636
appointment of william juxon- bishop of london- as lord treasurer
by how much did ship money gains fall in 1639 and why
20% as privy council and sheriffs increasingly distracted by need to raise an army to fight scotland
who distracts the privy council from collecting shipmoney
scotland
what was the political impact of scotland on C
he weakened his grip on governbemnt and demonstarted an inability to understand the impact of his decisions in the 3 kigdoms
wekenss of C in regards to contorll of scotland
rarely vistited so had little understanding of the scots- relying inscotsih exiles in london for info
what was the scottish church
presbytarian
why did personal rule end
scottish actions force C to recall parliament ( sctoland was a trigger)
what did C do in scotland in 1636
issued a book of cannon to scottish clergy w
hat was the book of cannon that C issued to scottish clergy in 1636
instructed them on how to lay out thier churches and practices they must follow associated with the chruch of england
what did C intorduce in socttish churches in 1637
englsih prayer book- a riot in st giles cathedral edinbrugh causing disorder across the lowland in 1638
how did the scottish react to the introduction of the englsih prayer book in 1638
dew up the national covenant to defend the kirk and restorte their religious rights
what was triggered after the scots drew up the national covenant
chalres and the covanenters raised arms- first bishops war
who did C rely on int he frist bishops war
county millitias due to a lack of money
what did C sign in 1639 and why
treaty of berwick- realised he could not win against the scots in the first bishops war
what wa the finacnial impact of the first bsihops war on englnd
gentry unhappy to fund a war wth the scots leading to a taxpayers strike in 1639-40
who did C turn to in the taxpayers strike
strafford - advised him to call parliament
what did C do instead of taking the opportunity to save his situation by making oncessions
demmanded money from parliament
why did C dissolve parliament in 3 weeks in 1640
commons entrerd into a series of debates but C only wanted to demand money
what did C resort to agaisnt the scots after he diddolved aprlaimnet in 1640
collected an ill equipped force of soldiers to fight a second bishops war
what was a weakness of C forces in the 2nd bishops war
most of his soldiers sympathised with the scots ad they too angered by changes in religion and so they burnt altar rails and catholic symbols instead of fighting scots
wheere was c defeated in the 2nd bishops war
battle of newburn in newcastle
what was the treaty of ripon october 1640
C forced to pay the scots 850 a day while they occupied newcastle - otherwise they would advance south
what did long parliamnet do in the early years
arrest and impeach laud and strafford
forbid finance stratagies that C implemented outosde of parliament
passed 2 cts incuring furture security of parliament ( restricting personal rule)
what was pyms junto
groups of organised stratagy to the king in the long parliament led by john pym and john hampden
what was pyms junto a result of
the build up tpo political cirsis e.g. chales fault
what happened with relations between pyms junto and C between 1640-1642
broke down
when was laud and strafford impeached
nov 1640
what was the triennal act and when was it brought in
feb 1641- c had to call parlaiment at least once every 3 years
what was strafford but on trial for
treason
what was the act of attainer
act of parliament that effectively acts as a death warrant that required only suspision of guilt as long as passed by both houses and king- no trial needed
why was strafford impeached for treason
reaction of the first army plot forced chales to sign the act of attainer
what was the first army plot
pym revealed the existence of a polt by catholic army officers to release strafford and dissolve the army by force
why did pym create the act of attainer
he knew that yo be found guilty of trason strafford would ave to be tried in the house of lords but the hosue of lord would not find him guilty
what did pym pass during the trial of strafford
act against the dissisution of thsi parlaiment without its won consent- beyond hsirotical powers
why did divisions appear among the mps in 1641
some beleived pym had gone too far in his policies resitricying charles and forcing impeachemnt of strafford
what did pym push for in 1641 ×2
abolition of the perogative courts to weaken the executive and abolition of ship money
what group emerged in 1641
constitutional royalsits
a middle group of mofderates in the commons- favouring a settlement woith both C and Parliament
what rumours started growing in 1641
a rising amoung irsh catholics and attacks on protestnat settlers in rireland
what did the rumours of ireland develop into
tales of massacre of at least 200,000 dead and landing of irish army in england
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