behaviour 4- The interplay between emotional and physical health

Peripheral expression of stress response modulated by what systems

Sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

SAM axis

Mediates initial rapid response to immediate stressor

SNS → catecholamines → physiological readiness for response

Flight, fight, freeze

SAM axis activation signs

Mydriasis, inc HR, inc BP, cutaneous vasoconstriction, alert state, inc plasma glucose+FFA

HPA axis

Mediates slower (min-hrs-days) response to stressor

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone + arginine vasopressin → adrenocorticotropic hormone from pituitary gland → glucocorticoids from adrenal glands

Repulsion, avoidance, inhibition, appeasement

Allostasis

Mediators associated with physiological stress protect body short term + promote adaptation

Long term changes body → disease

Allostatic load

Cost to the individual of chronic exposure to elevated/ fluctuating endocrine/neural responses results from chronic/repeated challenges that individual experiences as stressful

Physical disease indicators of physiological stress - dermatological

Grooming, repetitive licking, immune function

Physical disease indicators of physiological stress - Urinary

Feline idiopathic cystitis

Straining to urinate

Soiling

Physical disease indicators of physiological stress - GI

Mucosa integrity

Micro biome

Physical disease indicators of physiological stress - Immune function

Pathogen impact, parasites, wound healing

Effect of behavioural responses on physical health

Repulsion - injury, transfer of infection

Avoidance - bolting, RTA, social avoidance

Inhibition - vulnerability, self care

Appeasement - vulnerability

Desire seeking - injury, toxins

Drainage - chewing

Displacement - self licking

What can make it more likely for animal to exceed emotional capacity

Emotional health issue, emotional effects of physical health issue, pain

Physical health affecting drainage

Developmental link between physical health + behavioural change

Isolation, handling associations, emotional trauma

Immediate link between physical health + behavioural change

CS, pain+confrontational behaviour, soiling + PUPD, neurology, endocrine

Learned link between physical health + behavioural change

Response to stimuli through association