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A final review of Biology before the finial test
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Protein
What type of biomolecule are enzymes?
Amino Acids
What is the basic building block of proteins?
Eight
An atom’s second energy level holds ___ electrons
Cell
The basic unit of life is the ___
Double Bonds
What type of bonds are found in unsaturated lipids?
Eukaryotes
Cells that contain a nucleus are classified as ____
Data
The information gathered during the experiment is called
Heredity
The passing on of traits from parents to offspring is called _____
Diploid
Cells containing two alleles for each trait are described as ____ cells
Egg
The female gamete is called a(n) ____ cell
Cytoplasm
_____ is the organelle that is gel-like and holds the other organelles
Animal
Which type of cell has ONLY a cell membrane?
Haploid
Cells that only contain ONE allele for each trait are called ___ cells
Experiment
A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is called the ____
Control
The part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same is called the ___
Absorption of sunlight
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Cell Cycle
the sequence of growth and division of a cell is called the ___
Oxygen
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the ETC is ____
Two phosphate groups
Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between…
Interphase
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Nitrogen bases
The pairing of ___ in DNA is the key to insuring the code
Deoxyribose sugar
A DNA nucleotide is made of a phosphate, nitrogen base, and…
Homologous structures
______ structures show similarities between organisms. Fro example, birds and mammals that share similar bone structures
Ribosomes
Where in the cell does translation take place?
Vacuole
What organelle is responsible for storage?
Bb
Write an example of a heterozygous genotype. (using the letter B)
Incomplete dominance
What type of inheritance shows a blending of the trait?
Codominance
What type of inheritance expresses both traits EQUALLY?
Multiple alleles
What type of inheritance pattern controls blood types?
X chromosomes
Sex-linked traits are usually carried on the ____chromosome
Meiosis
What process creates gametes?
Gene therapy
____ is the replacement of a defective gene with a normal gene
Karyotype
A ___ is a tool that charts chromosomes according to size, banding, and centromere location
Human genome
The entire collection of genes within the human race is called the ____
Vector
_____ is used to transfer DNA from one organism to another
Carolus Linnaeus
_____ is the father of binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
____ is the science of grouping and naming organisms
Turner syndrome
What human genetic disorder is caused by having only one X sex chromosome
DNA fingerprinting
____ is a tool used to compare DNA fragments
Down Syndrome
What genetic disorder results in the person having Trisomy 21?
Transgenic organism
____ are organisms that contains functional recombinant DNA
Temperature
What is an example of Abiotic Factor
Human and tapeworm
What is an example of parasitism?
Biotechnology
____ is the manipulation of DNA
Make proteins
What is the function of the ribosome?
Chloroplast
Plant cells make their food in this organelle..
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products of photosynthesis
Two
What is the total number of ATP molecules made during glycolysis?
Prodcuer
Which type of organism is found at the base (start) of all food chains?
Secondary
A flood would be an example of _____ succession.
Darwin
Which scientist described evolution by using the theory of natural selection
Grasslands
Where would you find the most fertile farmland?
Sticky Ends
Restriction enzymes cut DNA strands, leaving ___ to help join the DNA with another DNA strand
Energy Flow
What do the arrows represent in a food web?
Punnett Square
A device used by geneticists for predicting the possible offspring of 2 individuals is a(n) ____
2
How many X chromosomes does a normal female have
A carrier
On a pedigree a half shaded circle represents…
Sex-linked trait
Hemophilia and red-green colorblindness are inherited by….
23 pairs
How many PAIRS of chromosomes are in a normal human body?
4
How many mature egg cells are produced during meiosis?
Cell plate
During cytokinesis, a plant cell forms a ___ between the cells
Sugar, phosphate, and base
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
INTERPHASE
when does DNA replication occur?
Glycolysis
The first step of cellular respiration is _____
Oxygen
Fermentation occurs when there is no ____ present
Carbon Dioxide
In addition to alcohol, fermentation also produces ____
Vacuoles
_____ are found in both plants and animals but in different sizes
Isotonic
Osmosis does not occur in a(n) ____ situation
Osmosis
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by ____
Two (2)
How many electrons can be held by an atom in the first energy level?
Carbohydrate
Which compound contains H, C, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio?
Lipid
Which organic molecules provides long-term energy and insulation?
Adaptations
Living things change during their lives through ____
Theory
Scientific explanation of know facts arrived at through repeated testing is a ____
Unicellular
One celled
Multicellular
Many cells with levels of organization
Heterotrophs
Eat other organisms for food
Autotrophs
Make their own food
Homeostasis
regulation of body conditions
Response to stimuli
Responding to the biotic and abiotic factors in the enviornment are key to survival
Adaptations
Structures, behaviors, or processes that aid in an organisms survival are passed on from parent to offspring
Carbohydrates
Composed of monosaccharides, primarily glucose
Lipids
Composed of fatty acids joined to glycerol and sometimes phosphate groups, can also include steroids
Proteins
Composed of amino acids - do most of the work in organisms and are major structural components
Nuclei Acids
Composed of nucleotides, either DNA or RNA
Enzymes
Proteins that function to speed up chemical reactions in the cell. They have a specific shape and interact with specific substrate which binds at the active side
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and the environment
Population Growth
Limited by factors like disease and competition that are density dependent or by density independent factors like natural disaster
Cell Theory
Cells are basic unit of life
Cells come from existing cells
All organisms are composed of cells
Prokaryotic
Simple
Has no nucleus
Has no MB organelles
Includes bacteria
Eukaryotic
Complex
Has a MB nucleus
Has MB organelles
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Organelles
Compartments for carrying out specific jobs/chemical reactions
Chloroplast
Absorbs light energy, and converts it into chemical energy during photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Generates energy necessary to power cells
Ribosomes
Responsible for protein synthesis, translating the genetic code from mRNA ito a specific sequence of amino acids
Vacuoles
Storage, waste, management, and structural support
Nucleus
Contains DNA and controls cell actions
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome formation
Golgi Apparatus
processing, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
The digestive system of the cell