Biology Final Review

A final review of Biology before the finial test

Protein

What type of biomolecule are enzymes?

Amino Acids

What is the basic building block of proteins?

Eight

An atom’s second energy level holds ___ electrons

Cell

The basic unit of life is the ___

Double Bonds

What type of bonds are found in unsaturated lipids?

Eukaryotes

Cells that contain a nucleus are classified as ____

Data

The information gathered during the experiment is called

Heredity

The passing on of traits from parents to offspring is called _____

Diploid

Cells containing two alleles for each trait are described as ____ cells

Egg

The female gamete is called a(n) ____ cell

Cytoplasm

_____ is the organelle that is gel-like and holds the other organelles

Animal

Which type of cell has ONLY a cell membrane?

Haploid

Cells that only contain ONE allele for each trait are called ___ cells

Experiment

A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is called the ____

Control

The part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same is called the ___

Absorption of sunlight

What is the function of chlorophyll?

Cell Cycle

the sequence of growth and division of a cell is called the ___

Oxygen

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the ETC is ____

Two phosphate groups

Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between…

Interphase

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Nitrogen bases

The pairing of ___ in DNA is the key to insuring the code

Deoxyribose sugar

A DNA nucleotide is made of a phosphate, nitrogen base, and…

Homologous structures

______ structures show similarities between organisms. Fro example, birds and mammals that share similar bone structures

Ribosomes

Where in the cell does translation take place?

Vacuole

What organelle is responsible for storage?

Bb

Write an example of a heterozygous genotype. (using the letter B)

Incomplete dominance

What type of inheritance shows a blending of the trait?

Codominance

What type of inheritance expresses both traits EQUALLY?

Multiple alleles

What type of inheritance pattern controls blood types?

X chromosomes

Sex-linked traits are usually carried on the ____chromosome

Meiosis

What process creates gametes?

Gene therapy

____ is the replacement of a defective gene with a normal gene

Karyotype

A ___ is a tool that charts chromosomes according to size, banding, and centromere location

Human genome

The entire collection of genes within the human race is called the ____

Vector

_____ is used to transfer DNA from one organism to another

Carolus Linnaeus

_____ is the father of binomial nomenclature

Taxonomy

____ is the science of grouping and naming organisms

Turner syndrome

What human genetic disorder is caused by having only one X sex chromosome

DNA fingerprinting

____ is a tool used to compare DNA fragments

Down Syndrome

What genetic disorder results in the person having Trisomy 21?

Transgenic organism

____ are organisms that contains functional recombinant DNA

Temperature

What is an example of Abiotic Factor

Human and tapeworm

What is an example of parasitism?

Biotechnology

____ is the manipulation of DNA

Make proteins

What is the function of the ribosome?

Chloroplast

Plant cells make their food in this organelle..

Glucose and oxygen

What are the products of photosynthesis

Two

What is the total number of ATP molecules made during glycolysis?

Prodcuer

Which type of organism is found at the base (start) of all food chains?

Secondary

A flood would be an example of _____ succession.

Darwin

Which scientist described evolution by using the theory of natural selection

Grasslands

Where would you find the most fertile farmland?

Sticky Ends

Restriction enzymes cut DNA strands, leaving ___ to help join the DNA with another DNA strand

Energy Flow

What do the arrows represent in a food web?

Punnett Square

A device used by geneticists for predicting the possible offspring of 2 individuals is a(n) ____

2

How many X chromosomes does a normal female have

A carrier

On a pedigree a half shaded circle represents…

Sex-linked trait

Hemophilia and red-green colorblindness are inherited by….

23 pairs

How many PAIRS of chromosomes are in a normal human body?

4

How many mature egg cells are produced during meiosis?

Cell plate

During cytokinesis, a plant cell forms a ___ between the cells

Sugar, phosphate, and base

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

INTERPHASE

when does DNA replication occur?

Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration is _____

Oxygen

Fermentation occurs when there is no ____ present

Carbon Dioxide

In addition to alcohol, fermentation also produces ____

Vacuoles

_____ are found in both plants and animals but in different sizes

Isotonic

Osmosis does not occur in a(n) ____ situation

Osmosis

If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by ____

Two (2)

How many electrons can be held by an atom in the first energy level?

Carbohydrate

Which compound contains H, C, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio?

Lipid

Which organic molecules provides long-term energy and insulation?

Adaptations

Living things change during their lives through ____

Theory

Scientific explanation of know facts arrived at through repeated testing is a ____

Unicellular

One celled

Multicellular

Many cells with levels of organization

Heterotrophs

Eat other organisms for food

Autotrophs

Make their own food

Homeostasis

regulation of body conditions

Response to stimuli

Responding to the biotic and abiotic factors in the enviornment are key to survival

Adaptations

Structures, behaviors, or processes that aid in an organisms survival are passed on from parent to offspring

Carbohydrates

Composed of monosaccharides, primarily glucose

Lipids

Composed of fatty acids joined to glycerol and sometimes phosphate groups, can also include steroids

Proteins

Composed of amino acids - do most of the work in organisms and are major structural components

Nuclei Acids

Composed of nucleotides, either DNA or RNA

Enzymes

Proteins that function to speed up chemical reactions in the cell. They have a specific shape and interact with specific substrate which binds at the active side

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and the environment

Population Growth

Limited by factors like disease and competition that are density dependent or by density independent factors like natural disaster

Cell Theory

1. Cells are basic unit of life

2. Cells come from existing cells

3. All organisms are composed of cells

Prokaryotic

1. Simple

2. Has no nucleus

3. Has no MB organelles

4. Includes bacteria

Eukaryotic

1. Complex

2. Has a MB nucleus

3. Has MB organelles

4. Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Organelles

Compartments for carrying out specific jobs/chemical reactions

Chloroplast

Absorbs light energy, and converts it into chemical energy during photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Generates energy necessary to power cells

Ribosomes

Responsible for protein synthesis, translating the genetic code from mRNA ito a specific sequence of amino acids

Vacuoles

Storage, waste, management, and structural support

Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls cell actions

Nucleolus

Site of ribosome formation

Golgi Apparatus

processing, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids

Lysosomes

The digestive system of the cell