AP Euro U1-U3

Petrarch (1304-1374)

Italian Renaissance humanist. Revived classical literature and emphasized individualism.

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Northern Renaissance scholar. Advocated for humanist education and church reform.

Charles V (1500-1558)

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Charles V). Faced challenges from Protestant movements and political conflicts.

Mary Tudor (1516-1558)

Queen Mary I of England (Mary I). Known as "Bloody Mary." Persecuted Protestants in an attempt to restore Catholicism.

Italian Renaissance (14th-17th centuries)

Cultural and intellectual movement in Italy. Revival of classical art, literature, and humanism.

Northern Renaissance (15th-16th centuries)

Similar to the Italian Renaissance, focused on Northern Europe. Emphasized humanism, art, and literature.

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

German artist and printmaker. Notable for detailed and innovative works.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Ended religious conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire. Allowed rulers to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Merchant Guilds (Medieval and Renaissance periods)

Associations of merchants in medieval towns. Controlled trade and protected members' interests.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

Minister of Finance under Louis XIV. Implemented mercantilist policies to boost the French economy.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Agreement between Spain and Portugal. Divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two nations.

Demographics (Ongoing concept)

Study of population characteristics. Includes factors like age, gender, and migration patterns.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Economist. Proposed the theory that population growth would outstrip food supply.

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

Satirist and author. Wrote "Gulliver's Travels" and "A Modest Proposal."

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Philosopher and mathematician. Father of modern philosophy, known for "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am).

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Philosopher, statesman, and scientist. Developed the scientific method and advocated for empirical reasoning.

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

Enlightenment philosopher and editor. Co-founder of the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive compilation of knowledge.

The Leviathan (1651)

Written by Thomas Hobbes. Influential work on political philosophy, advocating for a strong central authority.

Candide (1759)

Written by Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet). Satirical novella criticizing optimism and religious dogma.

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Enlightenment political thinker. Advocated for the separation of powers in government.

James I (1567-1625)

King James I of England (James I). Author of the "King James Version" of the Bible.

Philip II (1527-1598)

King Philip II of Spain (Philip II). Strengthened Catholicism, faced conflicts with Protestant powers.

Peter the Great (1672-1725)

Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great). Modernized Russia, westernizing its culture and institutions.

Louis XIV (1638-1715)

King Louis XIV of France (Louis XIV). Known as the "Sun King," centralized power in the absolute monarchy.

Frederick the Great (1712-1786)

King Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). Enlightened monarch, implemented legal reforms and promoted culture.

Catherine the Great (1729-1796)

Empress Catherine II of Russia (Catherine the Great). Expanded Russian territory and implemented domestic reforms.

Joseph II (1741-1790)

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (Joseph II). Implemented Enlightenment-inspired reforms in the Habsburg Empire.

James II (1633-1701)

King James II of England (James II). Ousted during the Glorious Revolution, marking the shift to constitutional monarchy.

William of Orange (1650-1702)

King William III of England (William of Orange). Played a key role in the Glorious Revolution.

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

King Henry VIII of England (Henry VIII). Initiated the English Reformation. Separated from the Roman Catholic Church to facilitate divorce.

Mary I (1516-1558)

Queen Mary I of England (Mary I). Known as "Bloody Mary." Persecuted Protestants in an attempt to restore Catholicism.

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

Queen Elizabeth I of England (Elizabeth I). Reigned during the Elizabethan Era, a period of cultural flourishing.

James I (1567-1625)

King James I of England (James I). Author of the "King James Version" of the Bible.

James II (1633-1701)

King James II of England (James II). Ousted during the Glorious Revolution, marking the shift to constitutional monarchy.

William and Mary (William III and Mary II)

Joint monarchs of England after the Glorious Revolution. Accepted the Bill of Rights, establishing constitutional monarchy.

Charles I (1600-1649)

King Charles I of England (Charles I). Engaged in conflicts with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Led Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Period of radical social and political upheaval in France. Overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and led to the rise of the First French Republic.

Louis XVI (1754-1793)

King Louis XVI of France (Louis XVI). Executed during the French Revolution, symbolizing the end of absolute monarchy.

Commune of Paris (1789-1795)

Revolutionary municipal government in Paris. Played a key role in radical political events during the French Revolution.

The Great Fear (1789)

Period of rural unrest during the early stages of the French Revolution. Contributed to the abolition of feudal privileges.

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

Prominent figure in the French Revolution. A key member of the Committee on Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.

Cult of the Supreme Being (1794)

State-sponsored religion during the French Revolution. Established by Robespierre to replace traditional religions.

Levee en masse (1793)

Policy mobilizing the entire French population for war efforts. Implemented during the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

The Directory (1795-1799)

Five-member executive committee in post-Revolutionary France. Marked the end of radical phase and transition towards stability.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

Military general and Emperor of the French. Dominated Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, implementing significant reforms.

Napoleonic Code (1804)

Comprehensive legal code introduced by Napoleon. Influenced civil law systems globally, emphasizing equality before the law.

Concordat of 1801 (1801)

Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope. Established a new relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church.

Censorship in Napoleonic France (1799-1815)

Restriction of information and ideas to control dissent. Implemented to maintain political stability during Napoleon's rule.

Secret Police in Napoleonic France (1799-1815)

Surveillance and suppression of opposition. Exemplified Napoleon's authoritarian methods of governance.

The Ministry of Police (Napoleonic Era)

Government department overseeing internal security. Headed by Joseph Fouché during Napoleon's rule.

Joseph Fouché (1759-1820)

Minister of Police in Napoleonic France. Wielded significant power in enforcing Napoleon's policies.

Plebiscites (Napoleonic Era)

Popular votes used by Napoleon to legitimize his rule and policies. Demonstrated a strategic use of democratic procedures.

Continental System (1806-1814)

Economic blockade against Britain by Napoleon. Aimed at isolating and weakening the British economy.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

Decisive battle where Napoleon faced defeat by British and Prussian forces. Marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's rule.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Diplomatic conference to restore stability in post-Napoleonic Europe. Redrew political boundaries and established a balance of power.