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What is girdling:

the circumferential removal or injury of the bark of a branch or trunk of a woody plant.

Different types of propagation:

asexual, stem, leaf, and seeds

Approach grafting

a plant graft made by joining stock and scion laterally at an intermediate point but leaving both rooted and uncut until firm union is established

Bark grafting

a plant graft made by slitting or slipping the bark of the stock and inserting the scion beneath it

Bridge grafting

bridge graft is a grafting technique used to re-establish the supply of nutrients to the rootstock

Cleft grafting

one of the grafts used for topworking new cultivars on existing trees

Hole insertion grafting

Hole insertion grafting produces high-quality grafted transplants because it may help increase the contacting surface area between rootstock and scion

Inarch grafting

a scion and stock of independently rooted plants are grafted and the scion later severed from its original stock

Saddle grating

a plant graft made by fitting a deep cleft in the end of the scion over a wedge in the end of a stock

Side-veneer grafting

Side-veneer grafts are used to produce various types of upright juniper, and dwarf conifers like specialty pines (Pinus) and spruce (Picea)

Splice grafting

a plant graft made by cutting both stock and scion across obliquely, fitting the cut surfaces so that the cambiums are in contact, and tying.

Wedge grafting

typically used for clonal propagation of species which are otherwise difficult to clone from cuttings

Whip and tongue grafting

whip and tongue grafting this is done when corresponding cuts through rootstock and scion material are joined end to end and then bound

Different types of wood:

Softwood, Hardwood and Engineered Wood.

Imbibition:

the absorption of one substance by another, in particular the uptake of water by a plant or seed.

Preformed vs Adventitous roots:

preformed roots exist in a dormant condition

adventitious roots grow from the stem of the plant, from the leaves, or from underground structures that are not roots, such as tubers.

Scion and rootstock:

A rootstock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above- ground growth can be produced, and the plant part grafted onto the rootstock is usually called the scion.

Leaf bud cuttings:

used for many trailing vines and when space or cut- ting material is limited.

Stages of seed development:

Radicle emergence, Cotyledon Spread, small plant, adult plant

Phases of seed germination:

1) imbibition, 2) respiration, and 3) cell division

• Step 1: Imbibition: water fills the seed.

• Step 2: The water activates enzymes that begin the plant's growth.

• Step 3: The seed grows a root to access water underground.

• Step 4: The seed grows shoots that grow towards the sun.

• Step 5: The shoots grow leaves and begin photmorphogenesis.

Germination rate:

the average number of seeds that will sprout given a specific amount of time.

Callus tissue:

soft tissue that forms over a wounded or cut plant surface, leading to healing

Types of scarification

mechanically, thermally, and chemically

Photodormancy

or light sensitivity affects germination of some seeds. These photoblastic seeds need a period of darkness or light to germinate.

What is the most critical factor that impacts timeing of germination?

temperature

Specialized stems and roots

rhizomes and stolons, typically spread horizontally. Rhizomes are belowground creeping stems that often send out roots and shoots from their nodes. Stolons are creeping stems that form near the surface of the ground.

Cytokinins

any of a number of plant hormones that influence growth and the stimulation of cell division.

Rooting hormones

a substance used to stimulate a leaf, or to cut a stem, with the aim of growing roots.

Offset and sucker

A sucker is a root sprout: it grows from a bud on the root, often quite a distance from the mother plant. An offset is a basal shoot: it grows from a bud at the base of a plant

Different types of layering

Simple layering

Compound layering

Air layering

Mound layering

Trench layering

Vivipary

the development of vegetative shoots upon or among the reproductive organs of a plant

Histodifferentiation

the process through which embryos develop from a relatively undifferentiated mass of tissues to become a mature embryo with different types of tissues.