Bio 110 Exam 2 Matkin

energy within light is captured and used to syntheiss carbohydrates

photosynthesis

chemical formula for photosynthesis

CO2+ 2H2O + light --> CH2O + O2 +H2O

in Photosynthesis CO2 is _______ and O2 is ______________

reduced; oxidized

organelles in plants and alge that carry out photosynthesis

Chloroplast

green pigment

chlorophyll

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

this takes place in the thylakoid membranes to produce ATP, NADPH, and O2

Light reactions

O2 is exhaled by plants in the _____________

stomata

carbohydrates are made here; occurs in the Stroma; uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules

Calvin Cycle

After an electron absorbs energy it___________

is excited and unstable

Excited electrons are ___________ or ________ by another molecule

transferred to or captured

absorption of wavelengths by different pigments in the plant

absorption spectrum

rate of photosynthesis by whole plant at specific wave lengths

Action spectrum

a complex of proteins and pigment molecules

photosystems

The photosytems are located in the

thylakoid membrane

What are the two main components of Photosystem 1

Light-harvesting complex (antenna complex)

Reaction center

directly absorbs photons and transfers energy to P680 (chlorophyll molecule)

light-harvesting complex

P680 becomes excited and unstable so an electron is transferred to primary electron acceptor. Then it removes electrons from water to restore the P680

Reaction center

this is a redox machine where electrons move from primary electron acceptor in PSII to P700 in the reaction center of PS1

Photosystem I1

uses chemiosmosis to produce ATP

Photosytem II

Key role is to make NADH; light harvsting complex abosrbs photons and transfers energy to P700

Photosytem I

_____ is produced in the thylakoid lumen by oxidation of H2O from PSII

O2

_____ is produced in stroma by H+ electrochemical gradient

ATP

the splitting of water places H+ in the

lumen

Formation of ______________consumes H+ in the stroma from

NADPH

_____ is produced in the stroma from high energy electrons that start in ______ and are boosted in ____________

NADPH; PSII; PSI

in the Calvin Cycle ____ and _____ are used to make carbohydrates

ATP and NADH

Fixation (incorporation of CO2) requires a large input of ___________

energy

in the calvin cycle for every 6CO2 incorporated, _____ ATP and _____ are used

18; 12

CO2 is reduced to _______ and this is used to make

G3P; glucose

What are the three parts of the calvin cycle ?

Carbon fixation, reduction and carbohydrate production, regeneration of ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

the regeneration of ________ keeps the cycle going

RuBP

a process by which living organisms obtain energy from organic molecules

cellular respiration

What is the primary aim of cellular respiration?

to make ATP and NADH

Aerobic respiration uses

oxygen

in an Aerobic respiration reaction O2 is __________ and CO2 is ________

consumed; released

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

organic molecule+ O2--> CO2 + H2O + Energy

Name the 4 metabolic pathways in Glucose Metabolism

Glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphoralyation

Glycolysis can occur with or withour what

oxygen

What are the 3 phases of the 10 steps in glycolysis

Energy investment (uses ATP), Cleavage ( 1 hexos-> trioses), energy liberation (net 2 ATP and 2 NADH)

The break down of pyruvate occurs where?

mitochondrial matrix

Pyruvate is broken down by.....

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A molecule of _________ is removed from each pyruvate

CO2

The remaining acetyl group attached to a Coa to make a ....

coenzyme or acetyl CoA

______ is produced from each pyruvate

1

particular molecuels enter while others leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerating with each cycle

metabolic cycle (citric acid cycle)

In the Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl is removed from the Acetyl CoA and attach to oxaloacatate to form______

citric acid

The products of the Citric Acid Cycle are....

2 CO2

1 ATP

3NADH

1 FADH2

_______________ is regenerated to start the cycle again

oxaloacetate

_______ are removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP during Oxidative phosphorylation

high energy electrons

Oxidative phosphorylation requires

oxygen

oxidative process involves _________

electron transport chain

Phosphorylation occurs by

ATP synthase

a group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

electron transport chain

The electron transport chain can donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of _________

redox reactions

Movement of electrons generates __________ and _________ with an excess of _____ charge outside of the matrix

H+ electrochemical gradient / proton- motive force; positive

Movement from NADH to O2 is a very large ....

free energy change

Free energy change is spontaneous in ______

forward direction

Free energy change is ________________

highly exergonic

Some enrgy used to _______ across inner mitochondrial membrane and create __________

pump H+; H+ electrochemical gradient

Enzyme harnesses free energy as H+ glow through membrane embedded region

ATP Synthase

H+ electrochemical gradient or protn motive force is converted to chemical bond energy in ATP

energy conversion

ATP synthase acts as a __________ as it makes ATP while spinning

Rotary Machine

What are other organic molecules that can be used for energy?

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Other organic molecules enter into _________ or citric acid cycle at different points

glycolysis

________ can also be used to make other molecules (anabolism)

Metabolism

got enviroments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits

anaerobic metabolism

What are the 2 Strategies for anaerobic metabolism?

Use substances other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

Make ATP by glycolysis but must regenerate NAD+

pyruvaate can be converted to ___________ in muscles or ___________ in yeast

lactate (lactic acid); ethanol

produces far less ATP (2 versus 34-38 per glucose) (type of anaerobic metabolism)

fermentation

An anaerobic (without oxygen) cellular process in which an organic food is converted into simpler compounds, and chemical energy (ATP) is produced

fermentation

what are the starting materials for an Anaerobic Metabolism reaction?

What are the ending materials of an Anaerobic Reaction?

What are the products for the Citric acid cycle

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 guanine triphosphate (G3P), 3 hydrogens

what does glycolysis produce

pyruvate, NADH, and ATP

Glycolysis starts with ....

Glucose, NAD, and ATP

The breakdown of Pyruvate produces ....

NADH

oxidative phosphorylation produces ....

ATP and water

the ability to promote change

energy

name the 2 forms of energy

potential; kinetic

associated with movement

Kinetic

due to structure or location

potential

energy in molecular bonds

chemical energy (type of potential energy)

1st law of thermodynamics

Law of conservation of energy; energy cant be created or destroyed but may be transferred or transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy transfer or transformation from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system

What do the letters in H=G+TS stand for

H- enthalpy or total energy

G- free energy

S- entropy or disorder

T- absolute temperature in kelvin

Energy requirement of reaction depends on the change in what?

Free energy

describes a system of energy that has a negative free energy change and products have less free energy than reactants ( going down hill) as free energy exits; spontaneous

exergonic

describes a system of energy that has a postitive free energy change and products have more free energy than reactants (going up hill) as free energy enters; not spontaneous

endergonic

Term that has a free energy change of -7.3kcal/mol; reaction favors formation of products; energy liberated can drive a varity of cellular processes

ATP Hydrolysis

With ATP hydrolysis, an endergonic reaction can be coupled to an _________________

exergonic reactions

Endergonic reaction will occur if net free energy change for both processes is ____________

negative

a spontaneous reaction is not necessarily ____________

fast

agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during a reaction

catalysts

protein that catalysts in living cells

enzyme

allows for a "boos" of energy to start a reaction, molecules to get close enough to cause bond arrangement, and allows for molecules to achieve transition state where bonds are stretched

Activation energy

What are the 2 Common ways to overcome activation energy?

Large amounts of heat

Using enzymes to lower activation energy

____________ in reactants make it easier to achieve transition state and lower activation energy

straining bonds

_________ together facilitate bonding and lowers activation energy

positioning bonds

______________ allows for a direct participation through very temporary bonding

Changing local environment