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Defective illumination
fluorescent light fixture with one or more fluorescent tubes burned out or not functioning properly
Intensity of light source
measured by standard candle
light given up by a candle
Intensity of illumination
measured by the foot candle
given by a source of one candle to an area of 1 ft away from the source
Luminous flux
unit - lumen
amount of light
Lumen
useful in specifying the amount of light which a light source or luminaire, must supply
Brightness
surface which is emitting or reflecting light is expressed in candles/ sq. in or lumens/unit of area
Foot lambert
average brightness of any surface emitting or reflecting 1 lumen/ sq. ft
illumination conversion
1 ft. candle = 1 lumen/sq. ft = 10.75 lux
reflection
light strikes a surface
light is absorbed or reflected
if the surface is light colored, a large portion will be reflected
Law of reflection
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
regular or spectacular reflection
occurs in very smooth or polished surface
lights are reflected parallel
diffused reflection
reflecting surface is rough
incident light is reflected in lines that are not parallel
veiling reflection
reflected glare
contrast
surface is close to another one that reflects little or no light, it makes it visible
brightness ratio
used to apply to the brightness of any two surfaces
central field
visual task
ex. reading a book
glare
refers to excessive luminance in the field of vision
disturbs the adaptation process of retina produced by excessive light stimuli
direct glare
due to bright light source or areas inside or outside the room
areas may be quite small and very bright
Reflected glare
due to image of some bright light source reflected in glass tabletops, polished furniture etc.
photometry
measuring of the intensity of a luminous source or the brightness of an illuminated source
Artificial lighting
shall be provided when daylight fails or for area where daylight illumination is insufficient
2 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
min for yards, roadways, outside thoroughness
5 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
min for discrimination of details is not required
min for passageways, stairways, warehouses, storerooms
10 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
slight discrimination of details is essential
steel products
milling of grain
most industrial processes
20 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
moderate discrimination of details is essential
30 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
close discrimination of details is essential
50 to 100 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
fine details are involved
100 ft candle
FOOT CANDLE STANDRD
extremely fine details are involved
0.5 ft candle
Emergency system shall be capable of producing and maintaining for at least 1 hr a min intensity __
Direct
Type of Lighting Distribution
90-100% of the light is directed downward for max use or directly toward the usual working area
Indirect
Type of Lighting Distribution
90-100% directed to the ceilings and upper walls and it will just reflect
Semi Direct
Type of Lighting Distribution
60-90% of the light directed downward and remainder directed upward
Semi indirect
Type of Lighting Distribution
60-90% directed upward and remaining directed downward
Diffused
Type of Lighting Distribution
light fittings are completely enclosed or concealed as with some globes and ceiling panels
glare free and produces a flat appearance
vibration
energy can be transmitted to other parts of the body
white finger disease
a form spontaneous or cold induced blood vessel constriction that results in reduced sensation
also known as vibration vasculitis
Bursitis / Beat Hand
Pain in wrist or hand while at rest or lifting heavy objects
Small lump or swelling that may be warm or tender to the touch
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
condition affecting the hand and wrist
Any action that squeezes or irritates the median nerve may cause
Dupuytren’s Contracture
one of the commonest hand conditions
A progressive condition affecting the palmar fascia of the hand.
Causes fingers (commonly the ring and little finger) to bend permanently toward the palm
Epicondylitis (Tennis or Golfer’s Elbow)
Caused by repetitive strain on the extensor tendons of the forearm.
Common in tennis players, painters, carpenters, and office workers (excessive typing/mouse use).
Tendonitis
inflammation or irritation of a tendon, the thick fibrous cord that connects muscle to bone
Tenosynovitis
inflammation of the synovial sheath that surrounds a tendon.
This sheath produces fluid to reduce friction, and when it becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected tendon
Writer’s Cramp
focal dystonia affecting the hand muscles, leading to involuntary muscle contractions and difficulty writing or performing fine motor tasks.
type of task-specific dystonia, meaning it occurs primarily during writing or similar activities
Threshold Limit Values for Vibration