OHS - P.H. - Defective Illumination & Vibration

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44 Terms

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Defective illumination

  • fluorescent light fixture with one or more fluorescent tubes burned out or not functioning properly

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Intensity of light source

  • measured by standard candle

  • light given up by a candle

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Intensity of illumination

  • measured by the foot candle

  • given by a source of one candle to an area of 1 ft away from the source

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Luminous flux

  • unit - lumen

  • amount of light

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Lumen

  • useful in specifying the amount of light which a light source or luminaire, must supply

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Brightness

  • surface which is emitting or reflecting light is expressed in candles/ sq. in or lumens/unit of area

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Foot lambert

  • average brightness of any surface emitting or reflecting 1 lumen/ sq. ft

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illumination conversion

1 ft. candle = 1 lumen/sq. ft = 10.75 lux

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reflection

  • light strikes a surface

  • light is absorbed or reflected

  • if the surface is light colored, a large portion will be reflected

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Law of reflection

  • angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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regular or spectacular reflection

  • occurs in very smooth or polished surface

  • lights are reflected parallel

<ul><li><p>occurs in very smooth or polished surface</p></li><li><p>lights are reflected <strong>parallel</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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diffused reflection

  • reflecting surface is rough

  • incident light is reflected in lines that are not parallel

<ul><li><p>reflecting surface is <strong>rough </strong></p></li><li><p>incident light is reflected in lines that are <strong>not parallel</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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veiling reflection

reflected glare

<p>reflected glare </p>
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contrast

  • surface is close to another one that reflects little or no light, it makes it visible

<ul><li><p>surface is close to another one that reflects little or no light, it makes it visible </p></li></ul><p></p>
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brightness ratio

  • used to apply to the brightness of any two surfaces

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central field

  • visual task

  • ex. reading a book

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glare

  • refers to excessive luminance in the field of vision

  • disturbs the adaptation process of retina produced by excessive light stimuli

<ul><li><p>refers to excessive luminance in the field of vision </p></li><li><p>disturbs the adaptation process of retina produced by excessive light stimuli </p></li></ul><p></p>
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direct glare

  • due to bright light source or areas inside or outside the room

  • areas may be quite small and very bright

<ul><li><p>due to bright light source or areas inside or outside the room </p></li><li><p>areas may be quite small and very bright </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Reflected glare

  • due to image of some bright light source reflected in glass tabletops, polished furniture etc.

<ul><li><p>due to image of some bright light source reflected in glass tabletops, polished furniture etc. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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photometry

  • measuring of the intensity of a luminous source or the brightness of an illuminated source

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Artificial lighting

  • shall be provided when daylight fails or for area where daylight illumination is insufficient

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2 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • min for yards, roadways, outside thoroughness

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5 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • min for discrimination of details is not required

  • min for passageways, stairways, warehouses, storerooms

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10 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • slight discrimination of details is essential

    • steel products

    • milling of grain

    • most industrial processes

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20 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • moderate discrimination of details is essential

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30 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • close discrimination of details is essential

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50 to 100 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • fine details are involved

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100 ft candle

FOOT CANDLE STANDRD

  • extremely fine details are involved

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0.5 ft candle

Emergency system shall be capable of producing and maintaining for at least 1 hr a min intensity __

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Direct

Type of Lighting Distribution

  • 90-100% of the light is directed downward for max use or directly toward the usual working area

<p><strong>Type of Lighting Distribution </strong></p><ul><li><p>90-100% of the light is directed downward for max use or directly toward the usual working area</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Indirect

Type of Lighting Distribution

  • 90-100% directed to the ceilings and upper walls and it will just reflect

<p><strong>Type of Lighting Distribution </strong></p><ul><li><p>90-100% directed to the ceilings and upper walls and it will just reflect </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Semi Direct

Type of Lighting Distribution

  • 60-90% of the light directed downward and remainder directed upward

<p><strong>Type of Lighting Distribution </strong></p><ul><li><p>60-90% of the light directed downward and remainder directed upward </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Semi indirect

Type of Lighting Distribution

  • 60-90% directed upward and remaining directed downward

<p><strong>Type of Lighting Distribution </strong></p><ul><li><p>60-90% directed upward and remaining directed downward</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Diffused

Type of Lighting Distribution

  • light fittings are completely enclosed or concealed as with some globes and ceiling panels

  • glare free and produces a flat appearance

<p><strong>Type of Lighting Distribution</strong></p><ul><li><p>light fittings are completely enclosed or concealed as with some globes and ceiling panels </p></li><li><p>glare free and produces a flat appearance </p></li></ul><p></p>
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vibration

energy can be transmitted to other parts of the body

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white finger disease

  • a form spontaneous or cold induced blood vessel constriction that results in reduced sensation

  • also known as vibration vasculitis

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Bursitis / Beat Hand

  • Pain in wrist or hand while at rest or lifting heavy objects

  • Small lump or swelling that may be warm or tender to the touch

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  • condition affecting the hand and wrist

  • Any action that squeezes or irritates the median nerve may cause

<ul><li><p><span>condition affecting the hand and wrist</span></p></li><li><p><span>Any action that squeezes or irritates the median nerve may cause</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Dupuytren’s Contracture

  • one of the commonest hand conditions

  • A progressive condition affecting the palmar fascia of the hand.

  • Causes fingers (commonly the ring and little finger) to bend permanently toward the palm

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Epicondylitis (Tennis or Golfer’s Elbow)

  • Caused by repetitive strain on the extensor tendons of the forearm.

  • Common in tennis players, painters, carpenters, and office workers (excessive typing/mouse use).

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Tendonitis

inflammation or irritation of a tendon, the thick fibrous cord that connects muscle to bone

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Tenosynovitis

  • inflammation of the synovial sheath that surrounds a tendon.

  • This sheath produces fluid to reduce friction, and when it becomes inflamed, it can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected tendon

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Writer’s Cramp

  • focal dystonia affecting the hand muscles, leading to involuntary muscle contractions and difficulty writing or performing fine motor tasks.

  • type of task-specific dystonia, meaning it occurs primarily during writing or similar activities

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Threshold Limit Values for Vibration