Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 7 and 8: Bones and Joints

long bones

have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends

short bones

are cube-like, with roughly equal lengths and widths.

seasmoid or round bone

small and nodular and are embedded within tendons adjacent to a joint

flat bone

plate-like structures with broad surfaces

irregular bones

have a variety of shapes, and most are connected to several other bones

long bones

what type of bones are the forearm and thigh bones?

short bones

what type of bones are the bones of the wrist, and ankle?

sesamoid bone or round bone

what type of bone is the kneecap?

flat bone

what type of bone are the scapulae, ribs, and some bones of the skull?

irregular bones

what types of bones are the vertebrae and many of the facial bones?

intermembraous ossification

the process of replacing connective tissue to form an intermembranous bone

endochondral bones

most bones of the skeleton are these types of bones. bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue

osteoclast

cell that breaks down bone

osteoblast

bone making cell

osteocyte

mature bone cell

major functions of bones

support, protection, and movement, blood cell formation, inorganic salt storage

epiphysis

either end of a long bone

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones in synoival joints

periosteum

dense connective tissue covering the surface of a bone

medullary cavity

cavity containing marrow in the diaphysis of a long bone

endosteum

tissue lining the the meduallary cavity in a bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epipheseal plate

growth plate; band of hyaline cartilage located in the epiphysis

axial skeleton

consists of the bones of the head, neck and trunk

appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles

fontanels

"soft spots"; found in the skulls of infants

Joints

also known as articulations; functional junction between 2 bones

Structural classifications (joints)

- fibrous joints

- cartilaginous joints

- synovial joints

Fibrous joints

held together by dense connective tissue

Cartilaginous joints

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

Synovial joints

allow free movement

Functional classifications (joints)

- synarthrotic joints

- amphiarthrotic joints

- diarthrotic joints

Synarthrotic joints

considered immovable

Amphiarthrotic joints

slightly movable

Diarthrotic joints

freely movable

Types of Fibrous joints (3)

- syndesmosis

- suture

- gomphosis

Syndesmosis

a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones

- lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)

- amphiarthrotic - slightly moveable

Suture

between flat bones (of skull)

- teeth-like projections

- thin layer of connective tissue connects bone

- synarthritic - immovable

Gomphosis

- cone-shaped bony process in a socket

- tooth in jawbone

- synarthritic - immovable

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

- synchondrosis

- symphysis

Synchondrosis

bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones

Examples of synchondrosis

- epiphyseal plate (temporary)

- between manubrium and the first rib (coastal cartilages)

Symphysis

pad of fibrocartilage between bones

- amphiarthrotic - slighly moveable

Examples of symphysis

- pubic symphysis

- joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Synovial joint

- most common joint

- all are diarthritic - freely moving

Joint capsule

holds together the bones of a synovial joint

- two distinct layers

Synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

Types of synovial joints (6)

- ball and socket

- condyloid/ellipsoidal joint

- plane/gliding joint

- hinge joint

- pivot joint

- saddle joint

Condyloid / ellipsoidal joint

- between metacarpals and phalanges

- between radius and carpals

Plane / gliding joint

- between carpals

- between tarsals

- between facets of adjacent vertebrae

Hinge joint

- elbow joint

- between phalanges

Pivot joint

neck and head

Saddle joint

between carpal and 1st metacarpal of thumb

Insertion

moveable end of muscle

Origin

fixed end of muscle

abduction

moving away from body

adduction

moving towards body

dorsiflexion

bending foot up towards ankle

plantar flexion

pointing toe

Flexion

bending a part

Extension

straightening a part

Hyperextension

excessive extension

Rotation

moving a part around an axis

Circumduction

moving a part so that it follows a circular part

Supination

turning hand so palm is upward

Pronation

turning hand so palm is downward

Eversion

turning sole of foot out

Inversion

turning sole of foot in

Protraction

thrusting the chin forward

Retraction

pulling the chin backward

Elevation

shrugging the shoulders

Depression

dropping the shoulders