Period 7 (1890-1945)

US start colonizing/end isolationism

• Influence Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Phillippines after Spanish-American war

• Cause: pressure to keep up with other imperial powers

• Cause: want raw materials & markets

• Cause: preserve Manifest Destiny (already expanded to Pacific)

• Cause: think white man’s burden to civilize inferior races

• Effect: some opposition

  • US used to be a colony

  • Don’t want inferior races in politics

  • US should stay isolated

Spanish-American War

1898

War with Spain from intervention in Spanish colonial Latin America

• Cause: Cuban uprising against spain

• Cause: USS Maine (protecting assets in Cuba) mysteriously explode (blamed it on the Spanish

• Yellow journalism: US exaggerate news against Spain to get more reads

• Rough Riders let by Teddy Roosevelt

• US victory

  • called a “splendid little war” for few casualties despite disease deaths

  • powerful in water but dificult in tropical land

  • army still segregated

• 1898 Teller Amendment: US promise to help Cuba but not annex it after

• 1901 Platt Amendment: forced on Cuba that allowed US oversight & intervention

• End with 1898 Treaty of Paris

1898 Treaty of Paris

US get Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Phillippines (also annex Hawaii)

• Effect: Filipino resistance that fails

• Effect: allow US more involvement in Asia

Progressive Era

1890-1920

Period of many attempted and often divided reforms, believed govt job to help and intervene

• 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act: consumer safety

• Worker rights: 8 hour workday, unions, worker safety

• Women’s right to vote

• Limit big businesses

• 16th Amendment: income tax (reduce wealth gap)

• 17th Amendment: popular vote for senators (reduce political corruption)

• Prohibition/18th amendment

• Conservation

• Cause: Gilded Age

• Effect: solve some problems but limit reforms to white/assimilated ppl

  • KKK revival

Progressive Era people

• Upton Sinclair: “The Jungle” exposed bad meatpacking practice

• Ida Tarbell: expose oil industry monopoly practice

• Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

• Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul: women’s rights movement

• Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois

  • Wilson: patience, Atlanta Compromsie: accept segregation to get education/economic benefits first

  • WEB Dubois: action, equality now

Roosevelt presidency

• Military strength

• Foreign involvement

  • build Panama Canal for naval dominance

• Square Deal

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

1904

US can interfere in Latin American economics

• Cause: interventionist

• Cause: want no European control

Square Deal

Roosevelt domestic program to help individuals

• Consumer protection (support food acts)

• Control corporations (broke up monopolies and regulated practice)

• Conservation (protected national parks)

19th Amendment

1920

Women’s right to vote

• Cause: women’s suffrage movement

• 1875 Minor v Happersett: deny women suffrage despite being citizens bc suffrage not inherent privelege of citizenship

  • Shift focus from trying to fix 14th amendment to wanting new amendment

WW1 Causes/reasons US joined

• Tangled alliances draw most Europe into war

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

  • 1915: US passenger boat Lusitania bombed by Germany bc in war zone

  • Sussex pledge: Germany agree to not attack passenger ships and US stay neutral

• Zimmermann Telegram

• Britain propaganda in the US about German cruelty in Belgium

• US want fight for democracy (Brit/France = democracy but Germany/AH = monarchy)

• US financial ties to Britain & profit from war

• Effect: US joining help Allies win

Zimmermann Telegram

1917

German message to Mexico asking for help stopping the US in return for helping Mexico get land back from the US

• Cause: Germany can’t afford to not attack passenger ships anymore

• Effect: Anger public and US declare war

WW1 aspects

• Fall of Russian empire 1918 → Germany can focus on Western Front (France)

• Race to Sea: Allies/Germany try to outflank each other, shift war into a stalemate

• Espionage Act 1917/Sedition act 1918: illegalize anti-war sentiment in US

  • violence against those suspected of disloyalty (black people, immigrants, activists)

• Better technology for a more bloody war

• End w/ Paris Peace Conference (1919/1920)

WW1 effects

• Disillusionment w/ American identity

• Increase isolationism

• Less immigration to US bc of quotas and dangerous to live in US→ more factory jobs for black people

  • Great Migration: black people move to Northern cities

• Red Scare: massive fear of communism, arrests/deportations of unions, socialists, immigrants

  • Cause: Russian Revolution

Wilson’s 14 Points

1918

Idealistic outline for peace after WW1

• Cause: want boost Allies morale

• Free trade

• Diplomacy, reduce arms

• Less secrecy

• Self determination of oppressed European nations

• League of Nations: cooperative way to resolve conflicts

• Did not get ratified

Treaty of Versailles

1919

Treaty ending WW1

• Placed all war guilt on Germany

  • Take land, limit army, make pay reparations, humiliate Germans

• Establish League of Nations

• US does not ratify because don’t want to go to war to protect other countries

• Effect: German anger/rise of extreme groups like Nazis → WW2

1920s Consumption

• Credit: allow more ppl to buy expensive things like cars bc could pay it back over time

• Ford assembly line (mass-produced and therefore cheaper)

• Frederick Taylor scientific management: prioritize efficiency over everything else

• Cinema and Radio: connect country thru shared consumerism and values

• Passenger planes (Lindenbergh successful flight across Atlantic)

• Time saving devices (vacuum)

• Phonograph: expands music, especially jazz

• Effect: shift to car-supporting society (roads, motels, oil-based energy)

• Effect: assembly line deskill workers

• Effect: time-saving devices like vacuum actually harder on women bc more expecations to work

• Effect: Great Depression

1920s Culture

• Relaxed, carefree

• Leisure and consumption

• More immigrants in factory work

• More women in labor force, esp nursing and teaching

• “Flapper girl:” new stereotypical woman (not in reality)

  • Independent, carefree, rule breaking

• Weakening progressiveness

• Return to pro-business, laissez-faire govt

• Government corruption and scandal (teapot dome scandal)

• Cultural backlash and nativism

  • Red Scare

  • WW1 100% americanism

  • KKK Resurgence

  • Race pseudoscience

Volstead Act

1919

Enforced Prohibition by banning alcohol sale

• Effect: rise of illegal bootlegging and speakeasies

Harlem Renaissance

1920s

Expansion of african American art, music, and literature focused in Harlem NYC

• Jazz music

• Effect: “new negro:” racial pride, unity, and equality

Emergency Quota Act & Immigration Restriction Act

1921 & 1924

Heavily restrict immigration to US

• Completely bar Asians

• Cause: nativism post ww1

• Effect: drastically reduced immigration

Ozawa vs US and Bhagat Singh Thind vs US

1922-1933

Restricted citizenship from non-white immigrants

Indian Citizenship Act

1924

Granted Native American citizenship

• Cause: natives fight in ww1

• Effect: natives often stopped from voting

18th Amendment

1920

Prohibited alcohol as part of prohibition movement

• Effect: increased illegal alcohol crime rates

• Later repealed by 21st Amendment (1930s) bc of crime rates and needing alcohol taxes

Great Depression

1930s

• Cause: 1929 stock market crash

  • Unsustainable rise in stocks leading to loss of confidence and everyone selling at once

• Cause: bad banking/everyone try to take money from the bank at once

• Cause: struggling farmers

  • Dust bowl make worse

• Cause: overproduction of goods than people can buy

• Cause: debt from credit

• Blame Hoover for indecisiveness of Great Depression

• Huge unemployment

• Bank faillures, losing life savings

• Effect: harm global economy

• Effect: more government intervention in economics (liberalism)

• Effect: hoover lose presidency to FDR

• Effect: Mexican Repatriation: mass deportations of Mexicans bc blamed for unemployment and wanted less ppl on relief

Hawley-Smoot tarriff

1930

Reduced global trade with increased prices

• Cause: wanted to protect US industries and farmers

• Effect: bad for economy

Dust bowl

1930s drought in Great Plains

• Cause: partially cause by bad farming practice

• Hoover try to offer $ for relief but doesn’t help much

• Effect: Severely harmed farmers w/ poverty and health issues

• Effect: Made great depression much worse

• Effect: many farmers leave Great Plains

New Deal

1933-1944

Experiments to try and end the Great Depression through immediate reform

Keynes approach: use government deficit spending to help the economy

• Relief for unemployed, Recovery for economy, Reform of capitalism

• Subsidies to farmers to increase crop prices

• Funded jobs for young, single men

• Gave direct $ aid to states

• Build infrastructure

• Effect: did not actually end Great Depression

• Effect: Democratic party expand from farmers to immigrants, colored people, workers

• Effect: more government regulation to prevent future problems

• Effect: migration to cities

• Effect: debates btw Dems and Conservs about so much govt intervention

2nd New Deal

1935-1938

Long term reform

• Gave jobs in art and infrasatructure

• Worker protection

• Created Social Security

Good Neighbor Policy

1933-1945

No military intervention in Latin America

• Made by FDR

• Cause: want better relations and trade

WW2 Causes

• 1930s: Japan invasion of Manchuria (China) & 2nd Sino-Japanese War

• 1930s: Germany start invading A-H and Czechoslovakia

• 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact: Germany and Soviet Union agree what land each other can take

• 1939: Germany invade Poland and Great Britain/France declare war

  • Ally ties to Poland, appeasement fail

WW2 Aspects

• 1940: Axis formed: Japan, Germany, Italy

• War starts bad for Allies (1940-1941) but turn around after 1942

• 1941: Hitler attack Soviet Union: overconfidence stretches Germany thin bc fighting 2 things now

• 1941: US oil embargo on Japan: harms Japan bc lack resources

WW2 battles

• 1942: Soviet win in Stalingrad → devastate German army

• 1942: Allies winning in North Africa

• 1942: Battle of Midway: US victory against Japan, turn tides against Japan

• 1944: D Day: successful Allies invasion of France thru water to liberate it, eventual surrender of Germany

• 1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germany last big offense, losing and exhausting resources

• Hitler kill himself, VE day

• 1945: atom bombs dropped on Japan, VJ day

Lend-lease act

1941

US help allies thru supplies and resources

• initial isolationist policy

Japan attack Pearl Harbor

1941

• killed some civilians

• Effect: US enter WW2

• Effect: FDR turn US opinion towards intervention

FDR 4 Freedoms Speech

1941

Depict WW2 as a fight for democracy and freedom, not just against fascism

• Freedom of speech, worship, from want, from fear

• Want turn US public toward interventionist

Mexican labor during ww2

Bracero Program: let legal Mexicans in to fill labor shortages in US

Operation Wetback: deportations of illegal Mexicans

Double V Campaign

Black activism movement during ww2

• Double Victory: fight against fascism abroad and racism in US

• Effect: found Civil Rights movement

Executive Order 9066

1942

Forcefully put Japanese (mostly citizens) in internment camp

• Cause: Pearl Harbor

• Cause: racism

Korematsu vs US

1944

Declare internment of citizens constitutional during wartime

Women during ww2

Able to take more jobs in the absence of men, even male-dominated jobs like factories and offices

Still many fired after war when men return

• 1942 Community Facilities Act: offer some childcare for working moms

• Rosie the Riveter: propaganda of female worker that’s still feminine

  • Cause: want men to think that work wouldn’t make women replace them

WW2 Effects

• US and USSR gain economic and military power while other countries devastated, leaving them as 2 global influences

  • 1948 Marashall plan to rebuild Europe

• End isolationism

NATO made

1949

United Democratic countries and promise to aid if attacked

• US, Canada, some of Europe

• Cause: want stop Soviets from attacking Europe

Bretton Woods System

Plan for stable global economy

• stable exchange rates, global trade, World Bank

• Cause: want prevent another Great Depression

• Cause: want to prevent bad economy which partially caused WW2

United Nations created

1944

Alliance system replacing the ineffective League of Nations

• UN Charter: peaceful relations and negotiation, no gaining territory from war

• General Assembly: represent every country

• Security Council: peacefully resolve conflicts

• Development in developing countries

• Effect: helped decolonization

• Effect: prolong conflict as US and USSR use as a propaganda platform