Child and Adolescent Development Final

Yay you’re doing great (don’t cry)

Hot vs cold cognition

Thinking based off of emotions vs thinking off of logic and reasoning

Formal operations stage

More abstract in reasoning, their thinking is systematic.

Error-related negativity

Pause in making positive choices (this is bad)

Frontal lobe vs lymbic system

Frontal lobe is still developing, lymbic system is fully developed

Hypotheticodeductive reasoning

Potential outcomes when it comes to thinking (if I do this, someone will be mad at me)

Metacognition

Thinking about our thinking! Knowing what works best for us.

Youthful optimism

What it sounds like—makes teens susceptible to online predators

6 causes of death and disability

Alcohol-related, injury/violence, sexual behavior (STD’s), tobacco use (lung cancer), nutrition (over AND under, diabetes and starvation), physical activity (sports)

Delay in committing to long-term relationship causes

Career and school

Age of marriage has risen to

27-29

Social media/depression

Rise in social media has led to a rise in depression

Crowd vs clique

Crowd: More of an identity, you don’t know everyone in the crows (more of a stereotype). Clique: Hang out all the time together (mean girls), 5-10 people

Friendship similarities

Prosocial behavior: If you volunteer, your friends are more likely to volunteer. Popular: If you are popular, your friends are popular.

Andrenarche

Pre-puberty: Gonadostat widens (aka all the mood swings)

Gonadarche

Sexual organs maturing (technical term for puberty)

Menarche

Puberty specific to woman (first puberty)

Spermarche

Puberty specific to men (first ejacculation)

Primary vs secondary sexual characteristics

Primary has to do with sperm/testes and eggs/ovaries, while secondary has to do with estrogen and breasts and testosterone and deeper voice. Everyone gets hair

benefits to being religious

Lower substance abuse, lower anxiety, lower depression

Family conflict peak

14-15 (mid-adolescence)

Having moral discussions with children tends to lead to

Children being more morally stable and reasonable

Kohlberg’s theory for adolescence

Post-conventional (split into principle and social contract). Fielded by an underlying principle (moral reasoning based on personal ethics).

Ethnic identity still explored into…

College

Marcia’s identity classifications

Moratorium (exploring identity), achievement (you have an identity post-exploration), foreclosure (not explored, but identity still accepted), diffusion (not explored, not committed)

Signs of potential suicide

FACTS (withdrawal, changes in appetite/sleep)

How to prevent suicide

Ask straight up, ask if they have a plan, if yes DONT LEAVE THEM

Teens are less concerned about others’ opinions

Late adolescence

Zimmerman eat al. (2007)

Study that says that 30-33% of people will have a significant drop in self-esteem

Developmental cascade for depression

Trying to establish yourself/independence, trying to establish social relationships

Anorexia vs bulimia

Starving yourself vs binging and purging

How can parents help teens adapt

Monitor schoolwork, where they are and activities

Mastery vs performance goals

Deep understanding vs doing something

Attention and task switching _____ during adolescence

Increases

Flounderers

Not sure what to do with themselves (use part time jobs)

Why teens drink

They think that the benefits outweigh the risks

Percent of college studnets who initially enroll in college graduate

60%

Reward shifts from teens to young adults

Altruism/extrinsic to security/intrinsic

Benefits/drawbacks to having a job as a teen

Good job skills, but if its over 20 hours then it won’t be a fun time.

How to improve high school education outcomes

Make it like college or a career

How long it takes to transition

1 year from elementary to junior highly and junior high to high school

Thin ideal

Affects eating disorders/body image issues

Marijuana affects on adolescents brains

Impulse control issues and harder to concentrate

Sleep-wake shift

More at night, sleepier in the day for teenagers, this changes!

Reduce bullying

Stay in groups, encourage prosocial behavior (do everything together!)

Sex-ed abstinence only

Doesn’t work well with teens

Most common STD

HPV

Fraction of teens that have STD’s

1/4

What can delay sex?

Religion, good relationship with parents where they openly talk

What percent have sex by senior year of high school? 20 years old?

50,80

Effects of early maturation

Increased risk of anxiety and depression, both men and women have externalizing and internalizing factors (girls will have more self-esteem issues)

Puberty, secular trends and causes

We are hitting puberty earlier due to poor nutrition, leading to obesity, leading to early puberty. Also, healthcare.

growth spurt

Can Bert up to 4mm a day! Leads to Charlie horses, cramps, e