CIE IGCSE Chemistry 7.2 Preparation of Salts

A comprehensive set of 100 flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture on the preparation of salts in CIE IGCSE Chemistry.

Salts

Compounds formed when the hydrogen atom in an acid is replaced by a metal.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

An acid that produces salts ending in chloride.

Potassium Chloride (KCl)

A salt formed from replacing H in HCl with potassium.

Fertilizers

One of the important uses of salts.

Sodium Hydroxide

A base that reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride.

Zinc Sulfate

A salt produced from the reaction of zinc oxide and sulfuric acid.

Insoluble Salts

Salts that cannot dissolve in water; can be prepared using precipitation reactions.

Dilute Acid

A weak acid used in the preparation of soluble salts.

Copper(II) Oxide

An insoluble base used to prepare copper(II) sulfate.

Crystallization

The process of forming solid crystals from a solution.

Titration

A method used to prepare salts by slowly adding acid to an alkali.

Thymolphthalein

An indicator used to determine the endpoint of a titration.

Indicator

A substance that changes color to indicate the presence of an acid or base.

Lead(II) Sulfate

An insoluble salt prepared via precipitation reaction.

Solubility Rules

Guidelines for determining whether a salt is soluble or insoluble in water.

Hydrated Salts

Salts that contain water within their crystal structure.

Anhydrous Salts

Salts that do not contain water in their structure.

Water of Crystallisation

Water molecules included in the structure of some salts.

Copper(II) Sulfate

Common hydrated salt which is blue and becomes white when dehydrated.

Chemical Formula

Representation of elements in a compound, including water of crystallisation with a dot.

Crystallisation Process

Method by which salts form crystals as water evaporates.

Bunsen Burner

A gas burner used in laboratories, often for heating substances.

Excess Base

The undissolved solid remaining after the reaction in preparing soluble salts.

Suspension

A mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved.

Evaporating Basin

A container used to evaporate solvents to concentrate solutions.

Decanting

The process of pouring off liquid and leaving behind solids.

Water Soluble Salt

Salts that dissolve in water to form a clear solution.

Filtration

A method of separating solids from liquids in a mixture.

Precipitate

A solid formed by the reaction of two soluble salts.

Potassium Nitrate

One of the products generated in the preparation of lead(II) sulfate.

Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate

The hydrated form of copper(II) sulfate that contains five moles of water.

Hydration Reaction

The process of adding water to an anhydrous salt to form a hydrated salt.

Dehydration Reaction

The removal of water from hydrated salts to form anhydrous salts.

Methyl Orange

An acid-base indicator that changes color at a specific pH.

Filtering Mixture

The process of passing a mixture through a filter to separate solids from liquids.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reaction Equation

Representation of the reactants and products in a chemical change.

Conical Flask

A laboratory glassware used to mix and heat solutions.

Beaker

A cylindrical container used for mixing or heating liquids.

Evaporation

The process of turning a liquid into vapor.

Cold Glass Rod Test

A method to check for saturation of a solution by observing crystal formation.

Hydrated Compound

A compound that includes water molecules in its structure.

Anhydrous Compound

A compound that lacks water in its structure.

Copper(II) Oxide Reaction

CuO + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O; reaction for preparing copper(II) sulfate.

Crystal Drying

The process of allowing crystals to dry after they form.

Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)

An acid used in the preparation of various salts.

Saturation Point

The stage at which a solution can hold no more solute.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics of a substance that become evident during a chemical reaction.

Thermal Decomposition

The process of breaking down compounds by heat.

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum concentration of a solute.

Crystallization Technique

A method to purify a solid by dissolving it followed by reformation into crystals.

Reaction by Precipitation

A method of producing insoluble salts using soluble reactants.

Chemical Formula Notation

Denotes the number of water molecules in hydrated compounds.

Phase of Matter

The distinct states in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, gas.

Interactive Learning

Engaging methods for effective understanding of chemical concepts.

Chemical Bonding

The force that holds atoms together in compounds.

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

Green Chemistry

Sustainable practices in chemical production concerning environment.

Analytical Chemistry

The study of the composition of materials.

Inertial Frame of Reference

A perspective where Newton's laws of motion hold true without external forces.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements based on atomic number.

Atomic Structure

The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

Electrolytic Conductivity

Measure of a solution's ability to conduct electricity.

Sodium Sulfate

An example of a soluble salt formed from sodium ions.

Reversible Reaction

A reaction where reactants form products and can revert back.

Solubility Product Constant

An equilibrium constant for the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt.

Polyatomic Ions

Ions that consist of multiple atoms bonded together.

Ionic Equilibrium

The balance between the concentration of ions in solution.

Cations

Positively charged ions.

Anions

Negatively charged ions.

Buffer Solutions

Solutions that resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

Hydration Energy

The energy released when a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution.

Nomenclature

The system of naming chemical compounds.

Reaction Mechanisms

The step-by-step sequence of reactions by which the overall chemical change occurs.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Rate of Reaction

The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.

Thermodynamics

The branch of physical science that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.