Protein Synthesis

DNA replication takes place during the ___ phase of ______ in the cell cycle.

• S

• Interphase

DNA is a polymer made of _____

Nucleotides

What is the role of deoxyribose and phosphate in the molecule?

They form the spiraling double-helix backbone of the molecule

What is the role of the nitrogenous bases?

They form the rungs of the molecule

in DNA, how do the nitrogenous bases pair?

They always pair up in the same way

A bonds to _ in DNA

T

C bonds to _ in DNA

G

Why is DNA replication considered a semiconservative model?

Each strand will sere as a template for a new one *each daughter DNA molecule will have one strand from the parent moleculele

Unzips the double-helix exposing the nitrogenous bases of each strandH

Helicase

Short segments of DNA attach along each strand

Primer

Adds free nucleotides to the newly-forming strands

DNA polymerse

Origin of replication

DNA molecules are so big that replication takes place at multiple sites; eventually the replication sites meet, completing the molecule

Proteins polymers are made of _____ ____

Amino acids

A protein’s sequence determines its _____, which determines its ______

• shape

• Function

Support

Provides framework for the body: ex: collagen in ligaments

Movement

Contract and create movement; ex: skeletal muscle

Transport

Transport of materials in and out of cells; ex: glucose transporter in cell

Buffering

Prevent changes in pH; ex: proteins in blood plasma

Metabolic regulation

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions; ex: digestive enzymes in the stomach

Coordination defense

signal changes throughout the body; ex: hormones such as insulin and protect against viruses and bacteria; ex: antibodies in blood

Primary

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary

Folding of a polypeptide

Tertiary

The over all 3D shape of each polypeptide

Quaternary

The 3D shape of the entire protein, including all polypeptides

What is the role in DNA helicase?

• enzyme that unwinds

• DNA double-helix has to be unwound with this enzyme

How does the nucleus control the cell’s activity?

• By directing protein synthesis, the production of proteins

What happens during transcription?

• the process of copying part of a DNA molecule to a smaller RNA molecule with an enzyme called RNA polymerase

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

• a smaller RNA molecule with an enzyme

• The new mRNA molecule can pass through a nuclear pore to the rough ER

MRNA is a _____-______ and uses _____in the place of thymine

• single-stranded

• Uracil

What is the start codon?

AUG

The sequences of three bases in mRNA

Codon

Each codon will translate to a single ____ ____ in the protein that will be constructed

Amino acid

What are the three stop codons?

UAA, UAG, and UGA

What happens during translation

The construction of a protein at a ribosome from the mRNA template

What do tRNA and anticodons do in translation?

MRNA and matched up with tRNA anticodons to ensure that the correct amino acid is added

Non Amniguous

Each codon specifies for only one amino acid

Universal

The same codon- amino acid combinations are found in all organisms

Redundant

Each amino acid has multiple codons that signal for it

Mutation

DNA sequences can be mutated or altered by mistakes in DNA replication, transcription, or exposure to mutagens

What are two examples of mutagens?

UV light and alcohol

Silent

Mutation does not alter amino acid

Missense

Single amino acid

Nonsense

Creates a premature stop codon

What type of substitution method is the most damaging?

Frameshift mutations alter the entire reading frame of the gene, altering many amino acids

Why are insertion and deletion mutations also called frameshift mutations?

They alter the entire reading frame of the gene, altering many amino acids

og: THE FAT CAT ATE THE FAT

THE FAT CAT ARE THE RAT

Point mutation

og: THE FAT CAT ATE THE FAT

THE FAC ATA RET HER AT

Frameshift mutation (deletion)

THE FAT CAT ART ETH ERA

Frameshift mutation (insertion)

THE FAT CAT

Frameshift mutation (deletion) or point mutation nonsense

What makes up the SIDES of a DNA ladder?

Deoxyribose and phosphates

Cytosine (C) always pairs with_________

Guanine

Which enzyme is responsible for adding the free nucleotides to the

replicating DNA?

DNA polymerase

The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called?

Transcription

What is the correct order to make a protein?

DNA, RNA, Protein

How many nucleotides equal 1 amino acid?

3

Which organelle is the location where protein is made?

Ribosome

In DNA the molecules are so large that replication takes place at certain

points known as ____________________.

Origins of replication

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA consists ribose and uracil

The process to go from mRNA to a protein is called ____.

Transcription

Which of the following components is NOT part of a nucleotide?

a. Phosphate group

b. Ribose sugar

c. Nitrogenous base

d. Deoxyribose sugar

Ribose sugar

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during

replication?

Helicase

Explain why DNA replication is considered semi-conservative.

Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand

Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand

ATG TGA CAG

a. ATG TGA CAG

b. TAC ACT GTC

c. GTA AGT GAC

d. CAT TCA CTG

TAC ACT GTC

While transcription occurs with nucleotides, they travel to be translated

before packaging and delivery to the ribosome for protein production.

Where is this translation taking place?

Cytoplasm

Which of the following is NOT a frameshift mutation?

Substitution

How does DNA help to form proteins?

It gives instructions for the amino acid sequence